“…Various techniques have been proposed to get rid of lead ions from aqueous phase system. Chemical oxidation and reduction, coagulation‐sedimentation, solvent extraction, precipitation, membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange are the most widely used techniques for removal of bivalent ions from water (Hadiani, Darani, Rahimifard, & Younesi, ; Kaur, Mandiyal, Singh, Kumar, & Chawla, ; Kumar & Chawla, ; Kumar, Chawla, & Kaur, ; Kyzas, Deliyanni, & Matis, ; Zhao et al, ). The main drawback of conventional technologies is the production of toxic sludge and ineffectiveness at low concentrations.…”