Biosensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers: A review on biomarkers, transducing techniques and recent graphene-based implementations

Graphene Production and Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…Due to its excellent charge transfer, high specific surface area (2620 m 2 /g), thermal conductivity of 500 W/mK, optical properties (visible and infrared light transmittance of 98%), and ability to immobilize molecules, graphene has become a widely used material in sensor manufacturing [7,9]. Graphene can be modified, for example, with gold or silver nanoparticles.…”

“…Due to its outstanding physical, mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties, materials based on graphene have attracted a lot of interest. These include excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, high specific surface area, elastic moduli (about 1 TPa [9]), an intrinsic strength of 130 GPa [5], adaptability to both flat and irregular surfaces, flexibility in chemical and biological functionalization, and simplicity in mass production, [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Sensors, energy harvesting, and storage devices such as solar cells and supercapacitors can all be improved by the use of graphene, as can lightweight polymer composites, membranes, and actuators.…”

Ultrasensitive detection of NSE employing a novel electrochemical immunosensor based on a conjugated copolymer

“…3,4 Chest radiograph, computed tomography (CT), low-dose CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography are usually the methods used for the monitoring of lung carcinoma. 5,6 The gold standard lung cancer screening technology is computed tomography, which provides information on tumor aspects including size, characterization, and tumor growth. 7 These procedures possess some disadvantages, such as being high-cost and having limited availability, requiring heavy apparatus and talent to operate, and possessing a low sensitivity for detecting cancer cells in the early stages.…”

Unlocking the potential of perovskite-based nanomaterials for revolutionary smartphone-based sensor applications

“…5,13–16 The success of these sophisticated sensors is fundamentally dependent on the innovative materials from which they are constructed. 17–19 A variety of nanomaterials have demonstrated potential in this arena: graphene, with its extraordinary electrical conductivity and surface area; 20–22 gold-based nanomaterials, 23–26 revered for their distinctive plasmonic properties; and polymer dots, 27,28 quantum dots, 29,30 which may integrate seamlessly with existing semiconductor frameworks. Yet, within this innovative spectrum, Perovskite-based nanomaterials offer unmatched benefits for the evolution of smartphone-integrated sensors.…”