Biosecurity in pig farms: a review

Alarcón, Laura; Allepuz, Alberto; Mateu, Enric

doi:10.1186/s40813-020-00181-z

Cited by 93 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…However, the absence of such a result is not completely surprising. The frequent emergence of novel pathogens [ 7 , 8 ], the incidence and prevalence of important endemic pathogens, and the economic impact of swine pathogens have contributed to the implementation of high biosecurity standards in many commercial swine farms [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the initial public health response to COVID-19 on swine health surveillance in Ontario

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 restrictions and the pandemic have affected animal health and food production through the disease's effects on human activities. COVID-19 impact on swine health surveillance can be assessed by investigating submissions and test positivity for pathogens before and after COVID-19 restrictions. PRRSV, Influenza A virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV-2 are considered important and economically challenging respiratory diseases for the swine populations. By reviewing test results from swine samples submitted for diagnostic testing to a regional diagnostic laboratory, and by assessing total submissions, total positive tests, and the proportion of positive tests at weekly intervals with time series techniques and generalized linear regression models, we evaluated COVID-19's impact on the monitoring of these respiratory pathogens in Ontario, Canada. We classified weeks that fell from week 12 through week 24 in each year as pandemic equivalent weeks and the non-pandemic weeks included all other weeks. The pandemic period in 2020 resulted in a significantly higher number of submissions ( p < 0.05) and PRRSV positive submission counts (p < 0.05) when compared to equivalent time periods in previous years; however, no changes could be detected in the odds of weekly PRRSV submission positivity. Weekly positive proportions of PCV-2 tests were higher during the pandemic period in 2020 compared with the pandemic equivalent period in 2018 and 2017. The counts of submissions that requested tests for PRRSV, Influenza A virus and M. hyopneumonia combined, as well as the number of submissions and the proportions of submissions that tested negative for these multiple respiratory pathogens were not significantly different between the pandemic period in 2020 and other periods examined. Our findings indicate that swine producers, in conjunction with various private and public veterinary support services, continued monitoring and performing diagnostic screening on farms for economically important animal diseases despite complications resulting from COVID-19 public health restrictions. PRRSV continues to have a serious impact on swine health. The absence of an increased proportion of negative tests for individual or groups of pathogens, or an accompanying increase in submissions during the 2020 pandemic period suggests that no new undetected pathogens with an impact on respiratory signs in swine were introduced during this time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of the initial public health response to COVID-19 on swine health surveillance in Ontario

et al. 2021

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“…The concept of biosecurity in animal husbandry is currently receiving attention besides improving animal health as well as providing health to humans. [27]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecohealth Approach in Anticipating Japanese Encephalitis in Tulungagung District, East Java Province

et al. 2021

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Japanese-B-encephalitis (JE) is a disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus from the Flavivirus group, the Flaviviridae family. In Indonesia, JE cases have not been widely reported in both animals and humans, although encephalitis in humans is common. Yamanaka reported positive for anti-JE antibodies in 96 (6%) pigs in Tulungagung District. Environmental elements need to be identified to support the establishment of a healthy ecosystem to minimize the potential of JE transmission. This study aims to identify the environment that can support JE transmission and conceptualize possible approaches. The method is carried out by conducting environmental observations of risky environmental conditions in April November 2016 and searching for supporting literature. The results showed that there were many puddles in the environment of chicken and pig farms. Besides that, there were many open puddles of household waste in the residential areas. This place is the habitat for Culex Sp. mosquitoes. Another research reported 19.05% of pigs who were positive for Ab JE in Tulungagung District. Environmental improvement can be done by cultivating fish that is resistant to dirty water, for example, catfish in ponds in chicken and pig farms and the construction of closed disposal facilities.

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“…Farm and building design to facilitate maximum biosecurity, sectioning and cleanability and to minimise stress‐related disease can be beneficial for control of both pathogens and AMR (Alarcón et al., 2021).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain

Koutsoumanis¹,

Allende²,

Álvarez‐Ordóñez³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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The role of food-producing environments in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in EU plant-based food production, terrestrial animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) and aquaculture was assessed. Among the various sources and transmission routes identified, fertilisers of faecal origin, irrigation and surface water for plant-based food and water for aquaculture were considered of major importance. For terrestrial animal production, potential sources consist of feed, humans, water, air/dust, soil, wildlife, rodents, arthropods and equipment. Among those, evidence was found for introduction with feed and humans, for the other sources, the importance could not be assessed. Several ARB of highest priority for public health, such as carbapenem or extended-spectrum cephalosporin and/or fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacterales (including Salmonella enterica), fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis were identified. Among highest priority ARGs bla CTX-M , bla VIM , bla NDM , bla OXA-48like , bla OXA-23 , mcr, armA, vanA, cfr and optrA were reported. These highest priority bacteria and genes were identified in different sources, at primary and post-harvest level, particularly faeces/manure, soil and water. For all sectors, reducing the occurrence of faecal microbial contamination of fertilisers, water, feed and the production environment and minimising persistence/recycling of ARB within animal production facilities is a priority. Proper implementation of good hygiene practices, biosecurity and food safety management systems is very important. Potential AMR-specific interventions are in the early stages of development. Many data gaps relating to sources and relevance of transmission routes, diversity of ARB and ARGs, effectiveness of mitigation measures were identified. Representative epidemiological and attribution studies on AMR and its effective control in food production environments at EU level, linked to One Health and environmental initiatives, are urgently required.

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Biosecurity in pig farms: a review

Cited by 93 publications

References 127 publications

The impact of the initial public health response to COVID-19 on swine health surveillance in Ontario

The impact of the initial public health response to COVID-19 on swine health surveillance in Ontario

Ecohealth Approach in Anticipating Japanese Encephalitis in Tulungagung District, East Java Province

Role played by the environment in the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the food chain

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