Bioresponsive Functional Phenylboronic Acid-Based Delivery System as an Emerging Platform for Diabetic Therapy

Abstract

The glucose-sensitive self-adjusting drug delivery system simulates the physiological model of the human pancreas-secreting insulin and then precisely regulates the release of hypoglycemic drugs and controls the blood sugar. Thus, it has good application prospects in the treatment of diabetes. Presently, there are three glucose-sensitive drug systems: phenylboronic acid (PBA) and its derivatives, concanavalin A (Con A), and glucose oxidase (GOD). Among these, the glucose-sensitive polymer carrier based on PBA has the advantages of better stability, long-term storage, and reversible glucose response, and the loading of insulin in it can achieve the controlled release of drugs in the human environment. Therefore, it has become a research hotspot in recent years and has been developed very rapidly. In order to further carry out a follow-up study, we focused on the development process, performance, and application of PBA and its derivatives-based glucose-sensitive polymer drug carriers, and the prospects for the development of this field.

Novel glucose-responsive nanoparticles based on p-hydroxyphenethyl anisate and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid reduce blood glucose and ameliorate diabetic nephropathy

“…Phenylboronic acid (PBA) has a more stable structure, can be easily modified, and has a low price. Therefore, compared with other glucose response intelligent systems (such as glucose oxidase, concanavalin A, and other glucose response systems), the PBA-based glucose response system has been extensively researched [ 14 ]. Studies have shown that the pKa value of PBA can be reduced by polymerizing PBA with polymer sustained-release excipients, so that PBA can react with glucose under human physiological conditions.…”

Multivesicular Liposomes for Glucose-Responsive Insulin Delivery

“…In patients with diabetes, the large fluctuation in BGLs has been associated with several complications, and the use of glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems is an important means to maintain blood glucose homeostasis. Previous studies examining potential glucose-responsive systems have largely focused on nanoparticles, microgels, and micelles [42]; however, it is difficult to achieve good glucose control and biocompatibility for these delivery systems. In the present study, glucose-sensitive elements were introduced into MVLs to render formulated MVLs glucose-responsive.…”

Microneedle-based insulin transdermal delivery system: current status and translation challenges

“…PBA is a promising glucose sensor [ 126 ]. Compared with GOx and glucose-binding proteins, PBA shows high stability and durability in the physiological environment, making it reliable as glucose sensors in glucose-responsive MNs [ 115 , 127 ]. The mechanisms of PBA-based glucose-sensing units include reversible conversion with glucose and charge-based swelling.…”

“…The charged PBA can form a stable structure with glucose via reversible covalent bond (Fig. 9 ) [ 127 , 128 ]. At high glucose concentration, the equilibrium will shift to a higher negative charge within the polymeric matrix of MNs.…”