Bioremediation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria against Nickel and Mercury Heavy Metal Pollutants

Abstract

Heavy metals, mercury, and nickel are toxic contaminants, forming positive ions when concentrated and dissolved, and can accumulate in a specific object, including water. The activity and performance of bacterial bioremediation against toxic heavy metals vary due to bacterial characteristics and internal contaminant factors. This research aims to analyze the activity, performance, and efficiency of bioremediation of nickel and mercury pollutants using marine sponge symbiont bacteria. The bioremediation analysis procedure, suspension of bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis strain Cu4-1 (AF), and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain PHCDB14 (AC) interacted with heavy metal pollutants as contaminants for 15 days. Bioremediation performance and efficiency were measured using AAS. The analysis parameters consisted of the performance, efficiency, and mechanism of bacterial bioremediation against nickel and mercury pollutants. The research results show that the bioremediation performance of AF and AC bacteria can carry out the bioremediation function against Ni +2 and Hg +2 contaminants. The bioremediation performance of AF bacteria against Ni +2 pollutant is, on average 167.64±0.9 mg/L, equivalent to 66.85% bioremediation efficiency, and against Hg +2 an average 171.55±0.7 equivalent to the efficiency of 65.47%. The performance of bioremediation of AC bacteria on Ni +2 pollutant was 168.92±0.7 or efficiency reached 66.97%, and 145.87±0.8 for Hg +2, equivalent to 58.35% efficiency. The bioremediation performance of AF ˂ AC bacteria against Ni +2 pollutants, but against Hg +2 pollutants, the bioremediation performance of AF ˃ AC bacteria. The symbiotic bacteria of marine sponges are thought to have bioremediation performance against toxic metal pollutants are bacteria isolated from sponges whose body surface is covered with mucus substances.

Chemical Component Analysis of Marine Sponge Extract of Potentially Medicinal Based on Solvent Differences

“…Using Nonpolar Solvents Diethyl-ether solvent is a nonpolar solvent group but has different characteristics from other nonpolar solvents. Based on the chemical structure, diethyl-ether (C2H5-O-C2H5) has a constituent element in the form of the element oxygen which has two pairs of free electrons, causing diethyl-ether to have a relatively high degree of reactivity [7], [15], [44]. Thus, 3a 1 2 3b…”

“…Previous research on this topic has reported that several marine animals, such as sea stars and sponges, have medicinal value [13], [14]. This can be seen in the antibacterial activity of the sponge extract against pathogenic bacteria and parasitic fungi, such as the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella thypi, and Escherichia coli, Candida albicans [15], [16], [17]. The results of other studies also report that sponge extract can inhibit the growth of disease-causing enzymes; for example, it has Acetylcholinesterase activity, an enzyme that can lead to a weakening of the ability to think in humans [18], [17], [18].…”

“…Based on these conditions, ideally, the use of sponges should not only be for the bioremediation function but broader than that, which can extend to screening chemical components or metabolic substances of sponges for specific purposes such as medicine, cosmetics, and high nutritional supplements [2], [6], [10]. Research that has been carried out currently revolves around screening of sponge symbiont bacteria, especially sponge morphology analysis, isolation and extraction of symbiont bacteria, as well as phenotypic and genotypic analysis of potential bacteria for bioremediation applications or bacteria that are thought to be able to carry out biodegradation functions against several types of PAHs pollutants and biosorption functions against several kinds of heavy metals [12], [15], [21].…”