Bioreactor-Grown Shoot Cultures for the Secondary Metabolite Production

Temporary Immersion System for Production of Biomass and Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants

“…The bioreactor is a simple piece of equipment consisting of a culture vessel and a fully automated or semi-automated control system, often with air inflow and outflow systems, designed for intensive culture with the opportunity for monitoring and control of microenvironmental culture conditions. All plant bioreactors use liquid media, either in continuous or in a temporary immersion culture, and this condition offers the best situation for efficient large-scale plant in vitro propagation [20,21]. Indeed, liquid culture systems can provide much more uniform culturing conditions, easy renewal of the media without changing the container, the possibility of sterilization using microfiltration, and easier cleaning of the container after the culture period.…”

“…The advant micropropagation comes from the possibility to respond to the high plant biomass [41]. TIS is also skilled for secondary metabolite pr ated plant tissues and organs [29,30], and it is especially interesting sector [21,35,42]. The phytochemicals biosynthesized by the pathw tabolism are very important and are required in the pharmaceutic TIS allows for various advantages: (I) a more uniform contact between the culture medium and the plant material in comparison to the conventional culture in semi-solid medium, (II) the reduction of asphyxia and hyperhydricity of cultured tissues, (III) the dilution of toxic compounds (e.g., phenols) released by the plants, producing culture oxidation and browning, (IV) the periodic replacement of the atmosphere within the culture container, which limits gas accumulation (mainly CO 2 and ethylene), a typical event which occurs when working with the traditional gas-tight glass jars, (IV) the possibility to extend consistently the subculture time when using large containers, and (V) the possibility to markedly reduce hand labor and cost of production, as a careful positioning of explants in the gelled medium is not necessary and the refill of the fresh liquid medium is done easily.…”

“…The advantage of using the TIS in micropropagation comes from the possibility to respond to the high demand of producing plant biomass [41]. TIS is also skilled for secondary metabolite production by differentiated plant tissues and organs [29,30], and it is especially interesting in the medicinal plant sector [21,35,42]. The phytochemicals biosynthesized by the pathways of secondary metabolism are very important and are required in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and other industries.…”

“…The selection of bioreactor type and optimization of process parameters are decisive for maximizing secondary metabolite production [19,21,110,146]. Many kinds of bioactive compounds have been explored and produced in different types of bioreactors (Table 2).…”

Precursor-Boosted Production of Metabolites in Nasturtium officinale Microshoots Grown in Plantform Bioreactors, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Biomass Extracts

“…The following types of bioreactors can be distinguished: liquid-phase bioreactors, gas-phase bioreactors, hybrid bioreactors, and the temporary immersion system (TIS) [ 18 ]. TIS bioreactors are characterized by submerged and nonsubmerged cycles, and good gas exchange [ 19 ]. The production of plant secondary metabolites has been optimized for some cultures grown in vitro in bioreactors, e.g., camptothecin in Camptotheca acuminata [ 20 ]; xanthone, benzophenone, and bioflavonoids in Cyclopia genistoides [ 21 ].…”