Bioprospecting for Antithrombotic Polar Lipids from Salmon, Herring, and Boarfish By-Products

Abstract

Marine polar lipids (PLs) have exhibited promising cardioprotection. In this study, marine by-products such as salmon heads (SHs), their brain, eyes and main optic nerves (SBEON), and head-remnants after SBEON removal (RemSH), as well as herring fillets (HFs), herring heads (HHs) and minced boarfish (MB), were evaluated as potential sustainable sources of such bioactive PLs. The antithrombotic bioactivities of PLs derived from these marine by-products were assessed for the first time in human platelets against platelet-activating factor (PAF), thrombin, collagen, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), while their fatty acid composition was evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). PLs from all marine by-products tested possess strong antithrombotic activities against aggregation of human platelets induced by all platelet agonists tested. RemSH, SBEON, HHs, HFs, and MB exhibited strong anti-PAF effects, similar to those previously reported for salmon fillets. PLs from MB had the strongest anti-collagen effects and PLs from SHs and SBEON were the most active against thrombin and ADP. PLs from HHs had similar antithrombotic effects with those from HFs in all agonists. RemSH was less active in all agonists, suggesting that SBEON is the main source of bioactive PLs in SHs. All PLs were rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFA), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid, with favourable low values of the ω6/ω3 ratio. Salmon, herring, and boarfish by-products are rich sources of bioactive marine PLs with potent antithrombotic and cardioprotective properties.

The Effects of Oxidation on the Antithrombotic Properties of Tea Lipids against PAF, Thrombin, Collagen, and ADP

“…Several tea samples of T0, T30, T60, and TC (n = 3 in each case), were homogenized mechanically by a Waring blender (Fisher Scientific Ltd., Dublin, Ireland) into a mixture of chloroform/methanol/water (1:2:0.8), the homogenized mixtures were filtrated, and their total lipids (TL) were extracted, as previously described [24,25], based on the Bligh and Dyer extraction method [32]. By the counter-current distribution method of Galanos and Kapoulas [33] all TL extracts were further fractionated into their neutral lipids (NL) and PL fractions, as previously described [24,25].…”

“…Several tea samples of T0, T30, T60, and TC (n = 3 in each case), were homogenized mechanically by a Waring blender (Fisher Scientific Ltd., Dublin, Ireland) into a mixture of chloroform/methanol/water (1:2:0.8), the homogenized mixtures were filtrated, and their total lipids (TL) were extracted, as previously described [24,25], based on the Bligh and Dyer extraction method [32]. By the counter-current distribution method of Galanos and Kapoulas [33] all TL extracts were further fractionated into their neutral lipids (NL) and PL fractions, as previously described [24,25]. The evaluation of the antithrombotic properties of lipid extracts from tea leaves before (0 min) and after 30 and 60 min of oxidation against aggregation of human platelets induced by the inflammatory and thrombotic mediators, PAF and thrombin, and by the well-established platelet agonists collagen and ADP were performed in hPRP from healthy donors, as previously described [24,25,34].…”

“…By the counter-current distribution method of Galanos and Kapoulas [33] all TL extracts were further fractionated into their neutral lipids (NL) and PL fractions, as previously described [24,25]. The evaluation of the antithrombotic properties of lipid extracts from tea leaves before (0 min) and after 30 and 60 min of oxidation against aggregation of human platelets induced by the inflammatory and thrombotic mediators, PAF and thrombin, and by the well-established platelet agonists collagen and ADP were performed in hPRP from healthy donors, as previously described [24,25,34]. The Ethics Committee of the University of Limerick approved the protocol, which was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.…”

“…GC-MS analysis of the FA composition of the PL fractions from each tea sample (T0, T30, and T60) was carried out, as previously described [24,25].…”

“…However, several PL of natural origin (e.g., from plants, animals, marine sources, microorganisms, food byproducts, etc.) and especially those bearing unsaturated FA possess much more potent antithrombotic properties against platelet aggregation and thus an overall protective effect against several chronic disorders including CVD [8,15,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”