Bioproduction of hydrolytic enzymes using apple pomace waste by A. niger: applications in biocontrol formulations and hydrolysis of chitin/chitosan

Abstract

Studies were carried out for β-glucosidase production using apple pomace (AP) in solid-state fermentation using 2(4) factorial design and response surface methodology. The influence of four independent variables including initial moisture level and inducers [veratryl alcohol (VA), lactose (LAC) and copper sulfate (CS)] was studied. The experimental design showed that initial moisture level had significant negative effect on the response. Higher β-glucosidase activity of 64.18 IU/gram fermented substrate (gfs) was achieved in solid-state tray fermentation with optimum conditions having initial moisture level 55% (v/w), pH 4.5, 2 mM/kg VA, 2% (w/w) LAC and 1.5 mM/kg CS concentration, respectively,. The non-specific chitinase 70.28 ± 6.34 IU/gfs and chitosanase activities 60.18 ± 6.82 to 64.20 ± 7.12 IU/gfs were observed. The study demonstrated that AP can be potentially used for the β-glucosidase production by Aspergillus niger. Moreover, β-glucosidase can be used for the hydrolysis of chitin/chitosan to depolymerized products and in the formulation of biocontrol agents for enhanced entomotoxicity levels.

Novel Catalytic Systems to Convert Chitin and Lignin into Valuable Chemicals

“…High energy consumption is another major limitation. Oxidation of NAG into amino acids has also been reported [32,33]. The NAG substrate was oxidized into N-acetyl-glucosaminic acid in aerobic atmosphere in water catalyzed by Au nanoparticles on hydrotalcite (HT) and MgO.…”

Perspective of apple processing wastes as low-cost substrates for bioproduction of high value products: A review

“…The cellulase systems of Trichoderma reesei are generally found to be deficient in BGL activity. For efficient activities of cellulase enzyme complex, Trichoderma strains are usually co-cultured with Aspergillus strains which are known to produce high titers of BGL [41]. The complete cellulase system comprising CBH, EG and BGL components thus acts synergistically to convert crystalline cellulose to glucose.…”

“…Solid-state fermentation (SSF) also known as koji fermentation is gaining wide interest these days for the production of organic acids, enzymes and other biotechnological products [20,6,[38][39][40][41][42]47,48]. Agro-industrial residues are generally considered the best substrates for koji fermentation processes, especially for Table 1 Apple production and estimated waste generation in Canada and worldwide.…”

“…Agro-industrial residues are generally considered the best substrates for koji fermentation processes, especially for Table 1 Apple production and estimated waste generation in Canada and worldwide. enzyme production [32,20,41,191]. The presence of lignin and cellulose/hemicellulose acts as natural inducers, and most of these residues are rich in sugar, promoting better fungal growth and thus making the process more economical especially for the cellulo-and ligninolytic enzymes [33,132,38].…”

“…The presence of lignin and cellulose/hemicellulose acts as natural inducers, and most of these residues are rich in sugar, promoting better fungal growth and thus making the process more economical especially for the cellulo-and ligninolytic enzymes [33,132,38]. AP has been used for the production of organic acids [153,39,40,48], aroma compounds [18,168,120], bioethanol [128,129,135], enzymes [63,41,42,43,47,103,175], edible mushrooms [182,54,, edible fibers [72,114,135], pectin recovery [149], natural antioxidants [65,6], protein enriched animal feed [13,36,7,150,171], and insect diets [71] among others. AP has also been considered for environmental applications, such as textile dye removal [142] and as heavy metal absorbent [126].…”