“…The most used cells for 3D bone bioprinting in orthopedics are murine or human MSCs from either bone marrow or adipose tissue [87,110,113,[147][148][149][150][151], murine calvarial MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells [46,68,152], and human fetal osteoblasts [105,147,153]. Printing of osteocytes has also been recently proposed [154]. These cells, when cultured in osteoinductive media or in media added with growth factors (i.e., bone morphogenic protein-2 BMP-2 [76,132,[155][156][157][158], FGF-2 [112,159], VEGF [74,147]) and/or other additives (i.e., Ca ++ ) [102,107], express osteogenic markers (i.e., ALP, osteonectin (ON), osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN)) and markers of late osteocyte phenotype (i.e., podoplanin (PDPN) and sclerostin (SOST)), and are able to mineralize.…”