Biopolymer blends based on poly(lactic acid) and polyamide for durable applications

Khankrua, Rattikarn; Wiriya-Amornchai, Atiwat; Triamnak, Narit; Suttiruengwong, Supakij

doi:10.1080/25740881.2022.2096470

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…BSG has been evaluated as low cost raw material for the production of lactic acid by fermentation, for bioplastic applications [22]. The possible abundant presence of lactic acid in the by-product BSG encourages further studies, due to the increasing interest in lactic acid based bio-polymers [65].…”

Section: Bsg Untargeted Analysis By Direct Infusion Esi-ms/ms Experim...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical Characterization of Malt Spent Grain by Tandem Mass Spectrometry also Coupled with Liquid Chromatography: Bioactive Compounds from Brewery By-Products

Matteo¹,

Bortolami²,

Curulli³

et al. 2023

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)

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Background: Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is one of the main by-products of beer industry, little used because of its high moisture making it difficult to transport and store. Mainly used as animal feed and for energy production, the agro-industrial waste have recently attracted attention as source of bioactive compounds, with potential applications in many sectors as food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food packaging. The present work focuses on BSG as potential source of valuable small-size bioactive compounds. Methods: Laboratory-made BSG was obtained by using four base malts for mashing. After drying, BSG was eco-friendly extracted with water and the extracts analyzed by untargeted ElectroSpray Ionization (ESI)-Mass Spectrometry (MS)/Mass Spectrometry (MS) (ESI-MS/MS) infusion experiments and by targeted High Performance Liquid Chromatography-PhotoDiodeArray-ElectroSpray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS) in Selected Ion Recording (SIR) mode analysis, to investigate the metabolic profile, the phenolic profile, the individual phenolic content, and tryptophan content. Aqueous extracts of malts and wort samples were also analyzed for a comparison. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test. An explorative analysis based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was also carried out on malts, wort and threshes, in order to study correlation among samples and between samples and variables. Results: The untargeted ESI-MS/MS infusion experiments provided the mass spectral fingerprint of BSG, evidencing amino acids (γ-aminobutyric acid, proline, valine, threonine, leucine/isoleucine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine and arginine) and organic and inorganic acids (pyruvic, lactic, phosphoric, valerianic, malonic, 2-furoic, malic, citric and gluconic acids), besides sugars. γ-Aminobutyric acid and lactic acid resulted predominant among the others. The targeted HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS in SIR mode analysis provided the phenolic profile of the polar fraction of BSG, evidenced tryptophan as the main residual metabolite in BSG (62.33-75.35 µg/g dry BSG), and catechin (1.13-4.24 µg/g dry BSG) as the representative phenolic antioxidant of not pre-treated BSG samples. The chemometric analysis of the individual compounds content in BSG, malt and wort evidenced similarities and differences among the samples. Conclusions: As main goal, the phytochemical characterization of BSG from base malts highlighted BSG as a potential source of small biomolecules, as tryptophan and catechin, besides γ-aminobutyric acid and lactic acid, opening to new perspectives of application for BSG. Strategies for their recovery are a future challenge. Moreover, ESI-MS/MS analysis was confirmed as a powerful tool for fast characterization of complex matrix. Last, results obtained by chemometric elaboration of data demonstrated the possibility to monitor a small number of molecules to ensure the quality of a final product.

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Section: Bsg Untargeted Analysis By Direct Infusion Esi-ms/ms Experim...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical Characterization of Malt Spent Grain by Tandem Mass Spectrometry also Coupled with Liquid Chromatography: Bioactive Compounds from Brewery By-Products

Matteo¹,

Bortolami²,

Curulli³

et al. 2023

Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)

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“…However, one significant drawback is the low flame retardancy of PLA/PA11 blends, which falls short of meeting commercial requirements. Enhancing the flame retardancy of PLA/PA11 blends poses a considerable challenge 28–30 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enhancing the flame retardancy of PLA/PA11 blends poses a considerable challenge. [28][29][30] In recent years, phosphorus-containing flame retardants and nitrogen-containing flame retardants have garnered recognition as highly effective agents for enhancing flame retardancy. [31][32][33][34] Phosphorus-containing flame retardants primarily operate in the condensed phase by catalyzing the formation of char, which serves as a protective barrier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient synthesis of phosphorus containing melamine salt for enhancing flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 11 blends

Jiang,

Chang,

Pan

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A tetrakis (melamine)‐1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid salt (EA‐MEL) was synthesized by a straightforward acid–base neutralization reaction between 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid (EA) and melamine (MEL). This compound, which contains phosphorus and nitrogen elements, exhibits a 40% carbon residue at a temperature of 800°C. When combined with diethyl aluminium hypophosphite (OP1230) as a flame‐retardant composite in polylactic acid (PLA)/polyamide 11 blends through melt blending, a synergistic effect between the two flame retardants is observed. Consequently, the limiting oxygen index value significantly increases to 34.3, showcasing a remarkable 64.6% improvement. Additionally, the material achieves a V‐0 rating according to UL‐94 standards, and the peak heat release rate drops to 269 kW∙m−2 with the addition of just 5 wt% EA–MEL. These results demonstrate that EA‐MEL and OP1230 contribute to the generation of phosphoric acid derivatives and the formation of a crosslinked (PN)n or (PON)n network. This network enables the formation of a complete, compact, and expanded char residue, effectively isolating heat and oxygen.

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“…Many of the studies on PA11/PLA blends focused on the compatibilization of them. [27,28] However, in addition to compatibilization, reinforcing with different fillers is also an efficient method. Among the various fillers, it is believed that it would be appropriate to use GNPs, whose positive effect on improving the properties of polymers has already been mentioned.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of graphene nanoplatelets‐reinforced polyamide11/poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites

Durmaz

Aytaç

2022

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The present paper aims to obtain a sustainable nanocomposite by using bio‐based polyamide 11 and biodegradable poly (lactic acid) blend as matrix and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) as nanofiller. GNP was incorporated in the PA11/PLA blend matrix in the ratio of 0.5‐1‐3‐5‐10 wt% through the twin‐screw extruder. The crystallinity of PA11 in the blend, which was 12.9%, increased with the inclusion of GNP, and the highest crystallinity value was observed at 20% for the 1GNP sample. The crystallinity of PLA in the blend, which was 2.3%, increased to 4.6% with 5 wt% GNP addition. The inclusion of GNP to PA11/PLA improved the thermal degradation temperatures and increase the char residue. Also, increments were observed for storage modulus, loss modulus, and glass transition temperature of the matrix with the inclusion of GNP. The addition of GNP caused the tensile strength of the matrix to increase first and then decrease at higher amounts due to the agglomerations. 0.5–1 wt% GNP increased tensile strength by 10% and 5%, respectively. Increasing the amount of GNP to 10 wt% led to a sharp decrease in tensile strength by 24%. Overall, GNP is a suitable nanofiller to enhance the thermal and mechanical features of the PA11/PLA blend.

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Biopolymer blends based on poly(lactic acid) and polyamide for durable applications

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Phytochemical Characterization of Malt Spent Grain by Tandem Mass Spectrometry also Coupled with Liquid Chromatography: Bioactive Compounds from Brewery By-Products

Phytochemical Characterization of Malt Spent Grain by Tandem Mass Spectrometry also Coupled with Liquid Chromatography: Bioactive Compounds from Brewery By-Products

Efficient synthesis of phosphorus containing melamine salt for enhancing flame retardancy of poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 11 blends

Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of graphene nanoplatelets‐reinforced polyamide11/poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites

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