Bionic eye review – An update

Nowik, Kamil; Langwińska-Wośko, Ewa; Skopiński, Piotr; Szaflik, Jacek P.

doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.041

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…As mentioned earlier, the work on the visual prosthesis or the bionic eye first started with the idea of stimulating the cells of the visual cortex which resulted in phosphenes. In the early stages, scientists discovered that electrical stimulation of the head or the eye could trigger a sensation of light 47 . As scientific knowledge developed, scientists were able to make the connection between stimulation of the visual cortex and the production of this light sensation.…”

Section: Implantable Devices—the Bionic Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second sight-the company that developed the Argus 2-has already started its preliminary clinical trials for the Orion cortical bionic implant and is showing promising results. 47 The Orion Cortical implant has been termed a breakthrough device by the FDA and is set to complete its early feasibility trials in 2023.…”

Section: The Bionic Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the early stages, scientists discovered that electrical stimulation of the head or the eye could trigger a sensation of light. 47 As scientific knowledge developed, scientists were able to make the connection between stimulation of the visual cortex and the production of this light sensation. These developments lead to the creation of the first visual prosthesis in 1968, based on visual cortex stimulation.…”

Section: Cortical Bionic Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel vision restoration techniques: 3D bioprinting, gene and stem cell therapy, optogenetics, and the bionic eye

Menon

Vijayavenkataraman

2022

Artificial Organs

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Sight is one of our most dominant senses, the loss of which can often lead to socioeconomic distress and a major deterioration in the quality of life for the affected individual. The field of ophthalmology has come a long way because of its inception with major breakthroughs in the development of contact lenses, cataract surgeries, and LASIK vision correction surgeries. Despite these developments, it is estimated that there are 253 million visually impaired people in the world of which 39 million were considered legally blind. 1 Data confirms that 80% of this 39 million were older than the age of 50. [2][3][4] This overwhelming percentage is indicative of a high number of patients with progressive blinding disorders like age-related macular disorder (AMD), retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), and diabetic retinopathy. There are very few clinically approved treatments for diseases that cause

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Section: Implantable Devices—the Bionic Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Bionic Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cortical Bionic Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Novel vision restoration techniques: 3D bioprinting, gene and stem cell therapy, optogenetics, and the bionic eye

Menon

Vijayavenkataraman

2022

Artificial Organs

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“…Retinal and visual cortex EES 183 implants have been developed to regain sight. 184 For example, retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited disease that leads to the loss of light-sensitive photoreceptors in the retina; however, the retinal ganglion cells and the optic tract to the visual cortex remain intact. A retinal implant may be implanted in the eye under the retina to stimulate retinal ganglion cells to partially regain sight.…”

Section: Neuronal Ees and Magnetic Stimulation In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Closed-Loop Electrical Stimulation of Neuronal Systems: A Review

2020

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Biological neuronal cells communicate using neurochemistry and electrical signals. The same phenomena also allow us to probe and manipulate neuronal systems and communicate with them. Neuronal system malfunctions cause a multitude of symptoms and functional deficiencies that can be assessed and sometimes alleviated by electrical stimulation. Our working hypothesis is that real-time closed-loop full-duplex measurement and stimulation paradigms can provide more in-depth insight into neuronal networks and enhance our capability to control diseases of the nervous system. In this study, we review extracellular electrical stimulation methods used in in vivo , in vitro , and in silico neuroscience research and in the clinic (excluding methods mainly aimed at neuronal growth and other similar effects) and highlight the potential of closed-loop measurement and stimulation systems. A multitude of electrical stimulation and measurement-based methods are widely used in research and the clinic. Closed-loop methods have been proposed, and some are used in the clinic. However, closed-loop systems utilizing more complex measurement analysis and adaptive stimulation systems, such as artificial intelligence systems connected to biological neuronal systems, do not yet exist. Our review promotes the research and development of intelligent paradigms aimed at meaningful communications between neuronal and information and communications technology systems, “dialogical paradigms,” which have the potential to take neuroscience and clinical methods to a new level.

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“…Implantable pulse generators have been used in neural implants since the 1950s to treat impairments including hearing, 10 visual, 11 and balance 12 and movement disorders 13 . These devices use changes in pulse rate and amplitude to modulate local neural activity to replace natural function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsatile electrical stimulation creates predictable, correctable disruptions in neural firing

Steinhardt¹,

Mitchell

Cullen

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Electrical stimulation of neural responses is used both scientifically in brain mapping studies and in many clinical applications such as cochlear, vestibular, and retinal implants. Due to safety considerations, stimulation of the nervous system is restricted to short biphasic pulses. Despite decades of research and development, neural implants are far from optimal in their ability to restore function and lead to varying improvements in patients. In this study, we provide an explanation for how pulsatile stimulation affects individual neurons and therefore leads to variability in restoration of neural responses. The explanation is grounded in the physiological response of channels in the axon and represented with mathematical rules that predict firing rate as a function of pulse rate, pulse amplitude, and spontaneous activity. We validate these rules by showing that they predict recorded vestibular afferent responses in macaques and discuss their implications for designing clinical stimulation paradigms and electrical stimulation-based experiments.

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Bionic eye review – An update

Cited by 31 publications

References 52 publications

Novel vision restoration techniques: 3D bioprinting, gene and stem cell therapy, optogenetics, and the bionic eye

Novel vision restoration techniques: 3D bioprinting, gene and stem cell therapy, optogenetics, and the bionic eye

Toward Closed-Loop Electrical Stimulation of Neuronal Systems: A Review

Pulsatile electrical stimulation creates predictable, correctable disruptions in neural firing

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