Biomonitoring of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitor and the Association with Hypertension among Farmers in Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) insecticides is still widely used by farmers in flower and agricultural centers. However, biological monitoring of farmers is still very rare in Indonesia. AChE inhibitors are reported to have toxic effects on various organs.METHODS: This study involved 120 subjects in Cihideung, Cikole and Pangalengan areas. All subjects have been interviewed, physically examined and biological sample taken by medical team. Descriptive analysis was performed to assess general conditions of the subjects and AChE erythrocyte activity enzyme at pseudo-baseline and the next 3 months from pseudo-baseline. Statistical analysis have been performed of the pseudo-baseline AChE erythrocyte activity with hypertension and history of exposures.RESULTS: The median value of pseudo-baseline AChE erythrocyte activity was 8.10 (1.3-14.25) U/g hematocrit. In the comparison between pseudo-baseline and 3 month from pseudo-baseline AChE activity, 7 respondents from 19 respondents (36.84%) had lower enzyme activity than 70% and the others subjects have higher activity value. AChE erythrocyte activity is associate with frequency of insecticide exposures. AChE erythrocyte activity (p=0.04; Exp (B)=2.937 CI 95%=1.049-8.224) and age (p=0.025; Exp (B)=3.872 CI 95%=1.180-12.703) are independent risk factors for hypertension in farmworker.CONCLUSION: AChE erythrocyte activity associated with frequency of insecticide exposures and hypertension among farmworkers.KEYWORDS: AChE erythrocyte activity, frequency of insecticide expsoures, hypertension

The Effect of Blood Cholinesterase Level on Health Symptoms among Chili Farmers in Sakon Nakhon Province, Thailand

“…Those with cholinesterase levels < 1.30 U/g, which were in the reference risk range and those with cholinesterase levels ≥ 1.30 U/g were within the normal reference range. (Mulyana et al, 2020) The results revealed that the results of screening for the enzyme cholinesterase in the blood among farmers were in risk level (66.7%) and normal level (33.3%; (Andrea Guytingco, Phayong Thepaksorn, & Richard L Neitzel, 2018; Mulyana et al, 2020) In accordance with research conducted in Indonesia and Thailand. However, this study aligns with the research of (Rosanti, Rahma, & Hamawi, 2021) which discovered that there were six farmers at very high risk, 17 farmers at high risk, 26 farmers at medium risk, and eight farmers at low risk of pesticide contamination.…”

“…The results were analyzed by the Faculty of Medicine at Ramathibodi Hospital Bangkok. (Mulyana et al, 2020) Blood Cholinesterase levels were divided into two categories: the risk level (<1.30 U/g) and normal level (≥1.30 U/g). (Mulyana et al, 2020)…”

“…(Mulyana et al, 2020) Blood Cholinesterase levels were divided into two categories: the risk level (<1.30 U/g) and normal level (≥1.30 U/g). (Mulyana et al, 2020)…”

Relationship Between Pesticide Exposure Factors and Health Symptoms Among Chili Farmers in Northeast Thailand

“…Blood cholinesterase levels were categorized into two groups: at risk (levels below 1.30 U/g) and normal (levels at or above 1.30 U/g). This classification was based on the cut-off value for the enzyme, which is below the limit of detection value used for biomonitoring AChE among farmers in Bandung, Indonesia [ 18 ].…”

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and Hemoglobin Levels in Pesticide Poisoning-Farmers

“…Pesticide poisoning of farmers can be identified from the preparation of equipment, mixing pesticides, spraying, cleaning tools and work clothes, cleaning grass and pests, watering plants as well as harvesting (Mulyana et al, 2020). Furthermore, pesticides can enter the body through the skin (dermal), exhalation (inhalation), or mouth (oral).…”