“…The difference between NPs and NCs is that the inherent cytotoxicity of NPs for human cells limits their biomedical application [ 104 ]. The cytotoxicity of NCs, on the other hand, can be controlled by cautious selection of nanocore size and shape, as well as the chemical ligands attached to the surface of NCs [ 105 ]. Figure 6.…”
is currently pursuing a master's degree at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Her research focuses on the antimicrobial of nanoparticles for application in the industry. Dr. Teow Yeit Haan is a senior lecturer at UKM. Her expertise includes membrane synthesis and characterization, membrane application for water purification and wastewater treatment, membrane fouling, water disinfection technology, and adsorption. She had published more than 44 research articles, 22 conference proceedings, and 3 book chapters. Dr. Ebrahim Mahmoudi is working as a senior lecturer at UKM. He is researching separation and purification using polymeric membranes and membrane bioreactors.
Current Approaches for the Exploration of Antimicrobial Activities of
NanoparticlesInfectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins contribute to substantial mortality worldwide. Collaborative efforts have been underway between academia and the industry to develop technologies for a more effective treatment for such diseases. With their utility in various industrial applications, nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising potential as antimicrobial agents against bacterial and viral infections. NPs have been established to possess potent antimicrobial activities against various types of pathogens due to their unique characteristics and cell-damaging ability through several mechanisms. The recent accepted antimicrobial mechanisms possess by NPs include metal ion release, oxidative stress induction, and non-oxidative mechanisms. Another merit of NPs lies in the low likelihood of the development of microbial tolerance towards NPs,given the multiple simultaneous mechanisms of action against the pathogens targeting numerous gene mutations in those pathogens. Moreover, NPs provide a fascinating opportunity to curb microbial growth before infections: this outstanding feature has led to their utilization as active antimicrobial agents in different industrial applications, e.g. the coating of medical devices, incorporation in food packaging, promoting wound healing, and encapsulation with other potential materials for wastewater treatment. This review discusses the progress and achievements in the antimicrobial applications of NPs, factors contributing to their actions, mechanisms underlying their efficiency, and risks of their applications, including the antimicrobial action of metal nanoclusters (NCs).The review concludes with a discussion of the restrictions in present studies and future prospects of nanotechnology-based NPs development.
“…The difference between NPs and NCs is that the inherent cytotoxicity of NPs for human cells limits their biomedical application [ 104 ]. The cytotoxicity of NCs, on the other hand, can be controlled by cautious selection of nanocore size and shape, as well as the chemical ligands attached to the surface of NCs [ 105 ]. Figure 6.…”
is currently pursuing a master's degree at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Her research focuses on the antimicrobial of nanoparticles for application in the industry. Dr. Teow Yeit Haan is a senior lecturer at UKM. Her expertise includes membrane synthesis and characterization, membrane application for water purification and wastewater treatment, membrane fouling, water disinfection technology, and adsorption. She had published more than 44 research articles, 22 conference proceedings, and 3 book chapters. Dr. Ebrahim Mahmoudi is working as a senior lecturer at UKM. He is researching separation and purification using polymeric membranes and membrane bioreactors.
Current Approaches for the Exploration of Antimicrobial Activities of
NanoparticlesInfectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins contribute to substantial mortality worldwide. Collaborative efforts have been underway between academia and the industry to develop technologies for a more effective treatment for such diseases. With their utility in various industrial applications, nanoparticles (NPs) offer promising potential as antimicrobial agents against bacterial and viral infections. NPs have been established to possess potent antimicrobial activities against various types of pathogens due to their unique characteristics and cell-damaging ability through several mechanisms. The recent accepted antimicrobial mechanisms possess by NPs include metal ion release, oxidative stress induction, and non-oxidative mechanisms. Another merit of NPs lies in the low likelihood of the development of microbial tolerance towards NPs,given the multiple simultaneous mechanisms of action against the pathogens targeting numerous gene mutations in those pathogens. Moreover, NPs provide a fascinating opportunity to curb microbial growth before infections: this outstanding feature has led to their utilization as active antimicrobial agents in different industrial applications, e.g. the coating of medical devices, incorporation in food packaging, promoting wound healing, and encapsulation with other potential materials for wastewater treatment. This review discusses the progress and achievements in the antimicrobial applications of NPs, factors contributing to their actions, mechanisms underlying their efficiency, and risks of their applications, including the antimicrobial action of metal nanoclusters (NCs).The review concludes with a discussion of the restrictions in present studies and future prospects of nanotechnology-based NPs development.
“…Supramolecular recognition between proteins and nanoparticles has been extensively studied through MD simulations [37][38][39][40]. The prediction of the electrostatics of supramolecular protein-NP aggregates is far from trivial, since many environmental factors can contribute to the stability of the final assemblies.…”
Monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit distinct physical and chemical properties depending on the nature of the ligand chemistry. A commonly employed NP monolayer comprises hydrophobic molecules linked to a shell of PEG and terminated with functional end group, which can be charged or neutral. Different layers of the ligand shell can also interact in different manners with proteins, expanding the range of possible applications of these inorganic nanoparticles. AuNP-fluorescent Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) conjugates are gaining increasing attention in sensing applications. Experimentally, their stability is observed to be maintained at low ionic strength conditions, but not at physiologically relevant conditions of higher ionic strength, limiting their applications in the field of biosensors. While a significant amount of fundamental work has been done to quantify electrostatic interactions of colloidal nanoparticle at the nanoscale, a theoretical description of the ion distribution around AuNPs still remains relatively unexplored. We perform extensive atomistic simulations of two oppositely charged monolayer-protected AuNPs interacting with fluorescent supercharged GFPs co-engineered to have complementary charges. These simulations were run at different ionic strengths to disclose the role of the ionic environment on AuNP–GFP binding. The results highlight the capability of both AuNPs to intercalate ions and water molecules within the gold–sulfur inner shell and the different tendency of ligands to bend inward allowing the protein to bind not only with the terminal ligands but also the hydrophobic alkyl chains. Different binding stability is observed in the two investigated cases as a function of the ligand chemistry.
Three different alkyne-terminated aggregation-induced emission molecules based on a para-substituted di-thioether were attached to the surface of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (2 nm) by copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (click chemistry). They showed a strong fluorescence and were well water-dispersible, in contrast to the dissolved AIE molecules. The AIE-loaded nanoparticles were not cytotoxic and easily penetrated the membrane of HeLa cells, paving the way for an intracellular application of AIE molecules, e.g., for imaging.
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