“…Ma and Feng (2011) showed that the length of G-blocks in alginate influenced the morphology and size of CaCO3 synthesized in the presence of alginate. Different biopolymers like pectin (Butler, Glaser, Weaver, Kirkland & Heppenstall-Butler, 2006), chitosan (Hu, Ran, Chen, Shen & Tong, 2015), collagen (Alves et al, 2010) or silk fibroin (Cheng, Shao & Vollrath, 2008) can also be used as matrices for biomineralization. Taking into account that organic and inorganic phase usually closely interact, making in turn composite biomaterial with distinctive properties (Ma, Cohen, Addadi, & Weiner, 2008), this property of alginate could be applied as a good strategy for controllable formation of composite biomaterials with properties tailored to specific biomedical applications.…”
“…Ma and Feng (2011) showed that the length of G-blocks in alginate influenced the morphology and size of CaCO3 synthesized in the presence of alginate. Different biopolymers like pectin (Butler, Glaser, Weaver, Kirkland & Heppenstall-Butler, 2006), chitosan (Hu, Ran, Chen, Shen & Tong, 2015), collagen (Alves et al, 2010) or silk fibroin (Cheng, Shao & Vollrath, 2008) can also be used as matrices for biomineralization. Taking into account that organic and inorganic phase usually closely interact, making in turn composite biomaterial with distinctive properties (Ma, Cohen, Addadi, & Weiner, 2008), this property of alginate could be applied as a good strategy for controllable formation of composite biomaterials with properties tailored to specific biomedical applications.…”
“…Collecting the above information, it is very evident from our results that the citric acid grafting treatment significantly influence the biomineralization process of the chitosan based substrates, which enhance the growth rate of apatite on the citric acid grafted chitosan film. Furthermore, compared with the other existing modification methods [32][33][34][35], our method is more suitable for the chitosan film or coating materials.…”
Section: The Biomineralization Capacity Of Cs and Cs-camentioning
We develop a novel chitosan-citric acid film (abbreviated as CS-CA) suitable for biomedical applications in this study. In this CS-CA film, the citric acid, which is a harmless organic acid has been extensively investigated as a modifying agent on carbohydrate polymers, was cross-linked by 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) onto the surface of chitosan (CS) film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the graft copolymerization of the modified chitosan film (CS-CA). Surface wettability, moisturizing performance, the capacity of mineralization in vitro and biocompatibility of the films were characterized. After modification, this CS-CA film has good hydrophilicity. It is very evident that the citric acid grafting treatment significantly promotes the biomineralization of the chitosan based substrates. Cell experiments show that the MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts can adhere and proliferate well on the surface of CS-CA film. This CS-CA film, which can be prepared in large quantities and at low cost, should have potential application in bone tissue engineering.
“…27 In the spectra of the CA-SF/HA composites, the bands at 1095, 1033, 961, 603, and 567 cm −1 were assigned to the different vibration modes of phosphate groups of HA, and the bands at 3570 and 633 cm −1 were assigned to the stretching and bending vibration of hydroxyl group of HA, which indicated the presence of HA in the composites. 31,32 The bands at 1265 cm −1 (amide III) and 1625 cm −1 (amide I) corresponding to silk II suggested the structural transition from random coils to β-sheets. 33,34 In general, the carboxylation significantly improved the functionality of agarose, which easily allowed the SF to be introduced into the system by cross-linking.…”
By in situ combining the dual cross-linking matrices of the carboxylated agarose (CA) and the silk fibroin (SF) with the hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, the CA-SF/HA composites with optimal physicochemical and biological properties were obtained, which were designed to meet the clinical needs of load-bearing bone repair. With the synergistic modulation of the dual organic matrices, the HA nanoparticles presented sheet and rod morphologies due to the preferred orientation, which successfully simulated the biomineralization in nature. The chemical reactivity of the native agarose (NA) was significantly enhanced via carboxylation, and the CA exhibited higher thermal stability than the NA. In the presence of SF, the composites showed optimal mechanical properties that could meet the standard of bone repair. The degradation of the composites in the presence of CA and SF was significantly delayed such that the degradation rate of the implant could satisfy the growth rate of the newly formed bone tissue. The in vitro tests confirmed that the CA-SF/HA composite scaffolds enabled the MG63 cells to proliferate and differentiate well, and the CA/HA composite presented greater capability of promoting the cell behaviors than the NA/HA composite. After 24 days of implantation, newly formed bone was observed at the tibia defect site and around the implant. Extensive osteogenesis was presented in the rats treated with the CA-SF/HA composites. In general, the CA-SF/HA composites prepared in this work had the great potential to be applied for repairing large bone defects.
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