Biomimetic Remineralization of Demineralized Dentine Using Scaffold of CMC/ACP Nanocomplexes in an In Vitro Tooth Model of Deep Caries

Abstract

Currently, it is still a tough task for dentists to remineralize dentine in deep caries. The aim of this study was to remineralize demineralized dentine in a tooth model of deep caries using nanocomplexes of carboxymethyl chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate (CMC/ACP) based on mimicking the stabilizing effect of dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1) on ACP in the biomineralization of dentine. The experimental results indicate that CMC can stabilize ACP to form nanocomplexes of CMC/ACP, which is able to be processed into scaffolds by lyophilization. In the single-layer collagen model, ACP nanoparticles are released from scaffolds of CMC/ACP nanocomplexes dissolved and then infiltrate into collagen fibrils via the gap zones (40 nm) to accomplish intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen. With this method, the completely demineralized dentine was partially remineralized in the tooth mode. This is a bottom-up remineralizing strategy based on non-classical crystallization theory. Since nanocomplexes of CMC/ACP show a promising effect of remineralization on demineralized dentine via biomimetic strategy, thereby preserving dentinal tissue to the maximum extent possible, it would be a potential indirect pulp capping (IPC) material for the management of deep caries during vital pulp therapy based on the concept of minimally invasive dentistry (MID).

Electrospinning of calcium phosphate-poly(D,L-lactic acid) nanofibers for sustained release of water-soluble drug and fast mineralization

“…19 The CaP material with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) phase exists in native bone tissue, which is an intermediate phase in the HA formation process and displays good bioactivity. [20][21][22] Therefore, the electrospun ACP-containing nanofibers may have potential applications in the studies of mineralization and bone repair/tissue engineering. 17,23 As a major category of drugs, water-soluble drugs can be easily dissolved in aqueous solution and utilized by patients, and play important roles in the biomaterial studies.…”

Synergistic intrafibrillar/extrafibrillar mineralization of collagen scaffolds based on a biomimetic strategy to promote the regeneration of bone defects

“…It has been demonstrated that DMP-1 can stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoclusters to form nanocomplexes of DMP-1/ACP by self-assembly, revealing special functions during the mineralization in the gap zone of collagen. [35][36][37][38] The minor phase formed in this process is composed of metastable, amorphous, liquid-phase nanodroplets, which are the precursors of ACP. 25 It has been proposed that these precursors can be drawn into the interstices of the collagen fibrils by capillary forces of fluidic nature.…”

“…41 In our previous study, we demonstrated that CMC can stabilize ACP to form liquid-phase nanocomplexes of CMC/ACP, which can aid in intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen using the bottom-up strategy based on nonclassical crystallization theory, thereby facilitating the remineralization of demineralized dentine. 37 Therefore, this prompted us to consider using CMC to imitate the function of the important noncollagenous protein, dentin matrix protein, and then biomimetically mineralize the type 1 collagen scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration.…”

Remineralization Potential of Mints Containing Bioactive Agents in Artificially Induced Root Caries

“…ACP is the initial solid-phase precipitate from a calcium phosphate supersaturated solution, and it has been widely explored under different strategies to inhibit the demineralization and/or to enhance the remineralization of carious and noncarious lesions [Reynolds et al, 2003;Poggio et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2015;Jordao et al, 2016]. While the lesion depth and the degree of demineralization (fluorescence intensity data) were not statistically affected by ACP (Table 2; Fig.…”

“…Another bioactive agent that is studied under different strategies as a source of calcium and phosphate ions is amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP). Owing to its great biological characteristics, ACP has been widely used in the synthesis of bioactive materials, including novel biomimetic remineralizing agents [Chen et al, , 2015.…”