“…Femtosecond laser surface modifications on titanium and alloys substrates have been proved as a feasible tool to improve cells adhesion, differentiation, proliferation, and all together, more effectively boost osseointegration of the implant. In general, this physical modification technique allows: (1) custom design of nano-and micro-structures, such as laser induced periodically surface structure (LIPSS), ripples, columns, pits, and spikes [21][22][23], with an appropriate selection of laser beam parameters and conditions [24][25][26][27]; (2) formation of roughness with enhancement of wettability [28,29] or hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity of treated surfaces [29,30]; (3) inducing protein adsorption and following localized adhesion formation and cell shape-based mechanical restraints that promote osteogenic differentiation and hence, superior osseointegration of implants [31,32]; (4) prevention of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation [33,34]; (5) variation of chemical composition of laser modified surfaces, for instance, bone-like apatite precipitation [35,36] and formation of nano-or micro-layers of oxides [37] such as, for example, protective TiO 2 on titanium substrates.…”