Biomechanics and Analysis of Running Gait

How the three arches of the foot intercorrelate

“…Firstly, the joint is part of the subtalar joint complex and secondly, it is anatomically and functionally linked to the calcaneocuboid joint to make up the Chopart's joint [27]. In addition, the longitudinal axes of Chopart's joint are similar to the longitudinal component of the subtalar joint axis, allowing inversion and adduction or eversion and abduction of the forefoot whereas, their oblique axes are similar to the axis of the ankle joint and provide mainly plantar flexion and dorsiflexion [6,21]. Thus, these joints exhibit simultaneous complex movements that are associated with inversion and eversion of the foot.…”

Common Running Overuse Injuries and Prevention

“…In the case of striking heel-fi rst (which most long-distance runners do), there is up to 10° ankle dorsifl exion at foot strike, and some plantar fl exion must happen initially. Aft erwards, the ankle moves into 20° of dorsifl exion during amortization and then into 20° plantar fl exion during propulsion (Dugan & Bhat, 2005).…”

Neuromuscular Characteristics of Drop and Hurdle Jumps With Different Types of Landings

“…A gait cycle is the period from initial contact of one foot to the next initial contact of the same foot. The running gait cycle can be divided into three phases: stance, swing, and flight (Novacheck, 1998b;Dugan and Bhat, 2005) The first part of the stance phase represents the force absorption with a prone foot, the second half represents propulsion with a supine foot and finally the toe-off with a plantar flexion. The part of the sole which strikes the ground first was studied and generally athletes strike the ground with either the heel (rear foot strikers), with the midsole (mid foot strikers) or with the fore part of the sole (forefoot strikers) .…”

“…In general, running is related to longer distance and sprinting with shorter distances (Dugan and Bhat, 2005). Sprinting is the fastest form of human locomotion.…”

“…Sprinting is the fastest form of human locomotion. Probably the most important sprinting concept is that during the first part of ground contact, horizontal velocity decreases (braking phase) and this velocity decrement must be regenerated during the propulsion phase (Mann & Sprague, 1980) In relation to the foot strike during sprint running, Dugan and Bhat (2005), Mann and Sprague (1980) and Novachek (1988a) proposed that the sprint athletes…”