Biomechanical Concepts Applicable to Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair in Small Animals

Surgical Fixation Hardware for Regeneration of Long Bone Segmental Defects: Translating Large Animal Model and Human Experiences

“…IM nails also lie in the plane of axial loading. There is also a greater contact surface area, which would reduce stress points [29]. The IM nail is also a medullary cavity space filler.…”

Fractures of the patella

“…Callus formation is not a feature of primary bone healing (Chao et al . ). The perfect reduction and compression required for primary bone healing can be achieved with lag screws and is mandatory for articular fractures in athletes.…”

“…The healing process in secondary bone healing involves callus formation (Chao et al . ). The callus visible on the lateromedial radiograph of Case 2 clearly indicates secondary bone healing.…”

Biomechanical Analysis of Locking Reconstruction Plate Using Mono- or Bicortical Screws

“…This allows a better fit on more complex bony contours, or bones with irregular anatomic shapes, but makes it weaker compared with dynamic compression plates of equivalent size 3,4,6 . Several mechanical and biological advantages have been attributed to the locking screw-plate, including axial and angular stability due to its locking mechanism between plate and screw, preservation of the periosteal blood supply, reduced requirement for anatomical plate contouring, and possibility the system's elasticity to stimulate bone healing 1,2,[7][8][9][10] . These advantages have stimulated the modification or conversion of various traditional bone plates into locked systems, including reconstruction plates, by changing especially the screw-hole geometry.…”

“…Despite the variety of sizes and shapes of bone plates and screws, the choice of implants depends on various factors such as fracture site, fracture type, bone quality, strength and stiffness required, cost and availability [1][2][3] . The traditional reconstruction plates are considered to be less stiff and designed with V-shaped grooves between the screw holes, to allow contour in three directions [3][4][5] .…”