Biomechanical Aspects of the Cervical Cord: Effects of Postural Changes in Healthy Volunteers Using Positional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Kuwazawa, Yasuyuki; Bashir, Waseem; Pope, Malcolm H.; Takahashi, Keisuke; Smith, Francis W.

doi:10.1097/01.bsd.0000203273.90004.eb

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…There are numerous studies regarding the relationship between cervical spinal canal size and spinal cord conditions [3, 5–7, 9–11, 14, 16, 17, 19–21]. A congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal has been established as an important risk factor for the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) [3, 5, 6, 20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between the cervical spinal canal diameter and the pathological changes in the cervical spine

et al. 2009

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A congenitally narrow cervical spinal canal has been established as an important risk factor for the development of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. However, few reports have described the mechanism underlying this risk. In this study, we investigate the relationship between cervical spinal canal narrowing and pathological changes in the cervical spine using positional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Two hundred and ninety-five symptomatic patients underwent cervical MRI in the weight-bearing position with dynamic motion (flexion, neutral, and extension) of the cervical spine. The sagittal cervical spinal canal diameter and cervical segmental angular motion were measured and calculated. Each segment was assessed for the extent of intervertebral disc degeneration and cervical cord compression. Based on the sagittal canal diameter, the subjects were classified into three groups: A, subjects with a congenitally narrow canal, diameter of less than 13 mm; B, subjects with a normal canal, diameter of 13–15 mm; C, subjects with a wide canal, diameter of more than 15 mm. When compared with Groups A and B, the disc degeneration grades at the C3-4, C5-6, and C6-7 segments and the cervical cord compression scores at the C3-4 and C5-6 segments showed significant differences. Additionally, when compare with Groups A and C, the disc degeneration grades at all segments, except C2-3, and the cervical cord compression scores at all segments, except C2-3, showed significant differences. With respect to the cervical kinematics, few differences in the kinematics were observed between Groups B and C, however, the kinematics in Group A was different with other two groups. In Group A, the segmental mobility at the C4-5 and C6-7 segments were significantly higher than those observed in Group B, and the segmental mobility at the C3-4 segment was significantly lower than that observed in Groups B or C. We demonstrated the unique pathological and kinematic traits of cervical spine that exist in a congenitally narrow canal. We hypothesize that kinematic trait associated with a congenitally narrow canal may greatly contribute to pathological changes in the cervical spine. Our results suggest that cervical spinal canal diameter of less than 13 mm may be associated with an increased risk for development of pathological changes in cervical intervertebral discs. Subsequently, the presence of a congenitally narrow canal can expose individuals to a greater risk of developing cervical spinal stenosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between the cervical spinal canal diameter and the pathological changes in the cervical spine

et al. 2009

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“…2,[7][8][9][10][11] It may also help in understanding the true nature of spinal pathologies. In addition, it can demonstrate the mobility of each motion segment and finally, relate the mobility to the changes in sagittal alignment and disc degeneration.…”

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confidence: 99%

Kinematic Analysis of the Relationship Between Sagittal Alignment and Disc Degeneration in the Cervical Spine

Miyazaki¹,

Hymanson²,

Morishita³

et al. 2008

Spine

117

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“…Miura et al [26] noticed that an average cord distance in the maximum extension position was smaller at the C4/C5 and C5/C6 level. The cervical cord is shorter following extension and it has a larger cross-sectional area [6,14,19,22]. There is a reduction of up to 1.5 mm of the cervical canal diameter, and its shortening after extension [8,13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…According to the latter authors, the upper cord moves caudalwards, and the lower cord moves rostralwards during flexion. The elongation is accompanied by a smaller cross-sectional area of the cord in flexion [19,22]. The elongation is most likely due to the cord's sliding along the cervical canal, together with the spinal nerve roots.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain stem and cervical cord by dynamic neck motion

Mališ

Georgievski²,

Milić³

et al. 2016

Folia Morphol

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Biomechanical Aspects of the Cervical Cord: Effects of Postural Changes in Healthy Volunteers Using Positional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract: We found posture-dependent differences of ACSCC in the recumbent and erect series. These results may be valuable for identifying a dynamic factor in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

The relationship between the cervical spinal canal diameter and the pathological changes in the cervical spine

The relationship between the cervical spinal canal diameter and the pathological changes in the cervical spine

Kinematic Analysis of the Relationship Between Sagittal Alignment and Disc Degeneration in the Cervical Spine

Kinematic magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain stem and cervical cord by dynamic neck motion

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