Biomaterials Based on Marine Resources for 3D Bioprinting Applications

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has become a flexible tool in regenerative medicine with potential for various applications. Further development of the new 3D bioprinting field lies in suitable bioink materials with satisfied printability, mechanical integrity, and biocompatibility. Natural polymers from marine resources have been attracting increasing attention in recent years, as they are biologically active and abundant when comparing to polymers from other resources. This review focuses on research and applications of marine biomaterials for 3D bioprinting. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms, material requirements, and applications of commonly used 3D bioprinting technologies based on marine-derived resources. Commonly used marine materials for 3D bioprinting including alginate, carrageenan, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, collagen, and gelatin are also discussed, especially in regards to their advantages and applications.

Polysaccharide-Based Bioink Formulation for 3D Bioprinting of an In Vitro Model of the Human Dermis

“…The concentration of calcium chloride has to be lowered compared to other studies [24,36] to prevent unnecessary influence on the cell growth. Post-printing processing was performed using a 2 wt.% CaCl 2 solution, which further stabilizes the polysaccharide-based network present in the 3D bioprinted scaffold by interacting with binding sites (carboxyl groups presented along the ALG polymer chain) [27,44], and by forming calcium complexes (with CMC) to promote polymerization and the extent of lateral aggregation [44].…”

“…Nevertheless, many studies have shown that for wound healing purposes, polysaccharides ALG and CMC also have a similarly positive effect, which is related to their similarity in many aspects to the natural skin ECM. These similarities include a good mechanical strength and stiffness, biocompatibility, and providing a highly hydrated environment, favorable for the skin [23][24][25][26][27]. Still, the application of hydrogel-based bioinks in fabrication of clinically relevant 3D skin constructs can be challenging, which is mostly related to their suboptimal printability for this purpose.…”

Carrageenan: Drug Delivery Systems and Other Biomedical Applications

“…The fundamental components of 3-D bioprinting are cells, biomaterials, and biological factors. Biomaterials are key components since they must be compatible with cells, cell aggregates, microcarriers, etc., and must also have relevant mechanical and functional properties that allow the development of structures suitable for obtaining complex tissues [ 204 ]. Marine biomaterials for 3-D bioprinting applications have received widespread attention due to their biolinks in 3-D bioprinting.…”

“…Marine biomaterials for 3-D bioprinting applications have received widespread attention due to their biolinks in 3-D bioprinting. The most commonly used are alginate, CS [ 204 ], and carrageenan [ 22 ].…”

Development of 3D Bioactive Scaffolds through 3D Printing Using Wollastonite–Gelatin Inks

“…Gelatin, a naturally derived biopolymer from collagen, has been extensively proposed due to its arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) sequence, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and variety from multiple sources [ 8 , 12 , 14 , 17 , 18 ]. While ink formulations are typically prepared with mammalian gelatins, religious issues or the risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy transmitting may bring to attention the use of other types of gelatin [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Fish gelatin (FG) can be chosen as an interesting option for biomedical applications, as we previously reported for injectable solutions for electrospinning [ 19 , 20 ].…”