Biomass fuel burning and its implications: Deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions in Pakistan

Tahir, S N A; Rafique, Muhammed; Alaamer, Abdulaziz S.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.017

Cited by 53 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…S1 in supplementary file) was regressed against the number of brick produced per annum as reported by Tahir et al (2010). The results provided further evidence of wood combustion activities and influence of the brick kiln sectors in three districts.…”

Section: Pah Profile In the Atmosphere Of District Gujranwala (Includmentioning

confidence: 70%

Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Kamal

Syed

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In this study, polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed to evaluate the atmospheric concentration levels and ambient exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Gujranwala, Lahore and Rawalpindi districts of the Punjab Province (Pakistan). The PAHs were extracted from the PUFs disks using Soxhlet extraction assembly, and were further concentrated using rotary evaporator, purified on a column, packed with alumina/silica, and eluted with a solution of dichloromethane:hexane (1:1 v:v). The PAHs quantification was carried out gas-chromatograph equipped with a mass-spectrometer (GC-MS). Regression scatter plots and molecular diagnostic ratios were used to identify and characterize the emission of PAH species from different sources. Among all detected PAHs, a high concentration of naphthalene (Naph) was observed in Lahore (327 pg m -3 ) and Rawalpindi (316 pg m -3 ) cities followed by phenanthrene, banzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, benzo(b)florenthene and benzo(k)flourenthene. Our findings revealed that the low molecular weight (LM)-PAHs in Rawalpindi and Gujranwala cities could have possibly originated from a local petroleum refinery and vehicular emissions respectively, whereas the high molecular weight (HM)-PAHs observed in Wazirabad, could be largely related to both biomass and traffic emissions. Results also showed that ~88 percent of the atmospheric PAHs could be attributed to the wood combustions (R 2 = 0.88), out of which more than 50 percent of wood combustion were possibly with the brick kiln sector (R 2 = 0.53).

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Section: Pah Profile In the Atmosphere Of District Gujranwala (Includmentioning

confidence: 70%

Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Kamal

Syed

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Although this assessment focused on Bangladesh, similar incentives are likely at the root of highly polluting brick-manufacturing industries across South Asia (Raut, 2003;Reddy and Venkataraman, 2002;Tahir et al, 2010). Transitioning these long-standing equilibria to alternative equilibria that produce less damage to health and the environment will require new approaches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Manufacturing bricks using highly polluting kilns is common not only in Bangladesh but is widespread across India (Bhanarkar et al, 2002;Heierli, 2008;Pangtey et al, 2004), Nepal (Joshi and Dudani, 2008;Raut, 2003), Pakistan (Tahir et al, 2010), China (Lei et al, 2011;Zhang et al, 2007), and even Mexico (Blackman et al, 2006). Brick kilns are an important source of atmospheric black carbon (Reddy and Venkataraman, 2002;Weyant et al, 2014) which contributes disproportionately to global warming and by depositing on Himalayan glaciers reducing reflection of sunlight and increasing glacial melting (Menon et al, 2002;Ramanathan and Carmichael, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Why highly polluting methods are used to manufacture bricks in Bangladesh

Luby

Biswas

Gurley

et al. 2015

Energy for Sustainable Development

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“…Pakistan is already facing a severe deforestation problem and its forest cover is now less than five per cent of its total land area (Ali et al 2006;Shahbaz et al 2007;Tahir et al 2010). If such extensive use of wood continues for packing purposes it will be a major drain on the country's already depleted resources of wood.…”

Section: Resource Use and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value chain performance improvement for sustainable mango industry development in Pakistan

Badar¹

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Pakistan is one of the world's leading mango producing and exporting countries. However, Pakistan's mango industry is beset with a number of chain-wide challenges that not only lower the value of mangoes to consumers and reduce the profitability of value chain actors, but also hinder the industry's potential contribution to the country's socio-economic development. As a result, there is now a growing realisation that the mango industry must be developed on a sustainable basis. This coincides with an accelerating drive towards sustainable development of agri-food industries around the world, in order to provide growing populations with adequate supplies of safe and affordable food.Thus, this study aimed to find out how the performance of value chains could be improved in order to bring sustainable development to Pakistan's mango industry. It focused on four issues: 1) consumers' mango value preferences and the implications of these preferences for the industry's development; 2) the structure and performance of the mango industry; 3) constraints on sustainable development of the industry; and 4) measures needed to address consumer, economic, social and environmental issues in the value chains so as to promote industry's sustainable development.A conceptual framework that integrated value chain and triple bottom line (TBL) sustainable development approaches was developed arguing that sustainable development could not be achieved without improving economic, social and environmental performance across entire value chains. A case study methodology was adopted and the case study participants included consumers, value chain actors and public stakeholders in the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh.To understand mango value preferences, five focus group discussions involving 40 consumers and a survey of 450 consumers was conducted. Thematic content analysis was performed on focus group data whereas descriptive statistics and clusters analysis were employed to analyse survey data. In order to understand the industry's structure, performance and constraints, 150 in-depth interviews were held with value chain actors such as retailers, wholesalers, commission agents, exporters, preharvest contractors, growers and input suppliers and representatives of public stakeholders. Data from the interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis.Consumer data showed the importance of both intrinsic (search and experience) and extrinsic (safety and marketing) quality attributes in mango buying. In-depth analysis of these attributes revealed three consumer segments -mango lovers, value seekers and safety conscious. Mango lovers concentrated primarily on search and experience attributes and safety conscious attached more importance to safety related attributes. Value seekers however considered all attributes important. In general consumers expressed their dissatisfaction with the mango value delivered to them because of use of Calcium III carbide for mango ripening, retailer malpractices and ineffective government regula...

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Biomass fuel burning and its implications: Deforestation and greenhouse gases emissions in Pakistan

Cited by 53 publications

References 1 publication

Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Why highly polluting methods are used to manufacture bricks in Bangladesh

Value chain performance improvement for sustainable mango industry development in Pakistan

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