Biomass collapse and carbon emissions from forest fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon

Abstract

[1] Forest fragmentation due to deforestation is one of the major causes of forest degradation in the Amazon. Biomass collapse near forest edges, especially within 100 m, alters aboveground biomass and has potentially important implications for carbon emissions in the region. This phenomenon is tightly linked to spatial and temporal dynamics of forest edges in a landscape. However, the potential biomass loss and carbon emissions from forest edges and these spatiotemporal changes have never been estimated for actual landscapes in the Amazon. We conducted a deep temporal analysis of Rondônia, southwestern Brazilian Amazonia, using six Landsat path-row scenes covering the 1985-2008 time period to estimate annual biomass loss and associated carbon emissions within 100 m of forest edges. Annual edge biomass loss averaged 9.1% of the biomass loss from deforestation during the study period, whereas average annual edge-related carbon emissions from biomass loss were 6.0% of deforestation-derived carbon emissions. However, because many edges were subsequently deforested during the 24 year study period, actual unaccounted for edge-related carbon emissions during the 1985-2008 period, calculated from edges of all ages extant on the landscape in 2008, amounted to 3.6% of that attributed to all deforestation-derived carbon fluxes for this time interval. Biomass loss and carbon emissions are highly influenced by the extent and age of edge-affected forests. Large annual contributions of biomass loss and carbon emissions were found from active deforestation regions with young edges, whereas regions dominated by older edges had lower biomass loss and carbon emissions from edges.

Floristic Composition and Edge-Induced Homogenization in Tree Communities in the Fragmented Atlantic Rainforest of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

“…Thus, pioneer dominated landscapes, fragmented a long time ago, may continue to suffer biodiversity loss [27,86,95,101]. The proliferation of fast growing, softwood pioneer species, and the decline of hardwood and emergent trees along forest edges, alters fundamentally the dynamics of biomass production and carbon storage capacity [19,[102][103][104].…”

Ten-Year Landsat Classification of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon

“…Another major, but less understood source of change in this region is the degradation of standing forests. This occurs primarily through selective logging, forest fires and edge effects related to forest fragmentation [3,4]. Forest degradation may annually affect an area equal in magnitude to deforestation [5,6], and potentially be exacerbated by climate change and ocean temperature anomalies which may lead to more frequent droughts and longer dry seasons [7].…”

Long-term carbon loss in fragmented Neotropical forests

“…However, there are large uncertainties in the quantification of the carbon balance of tropical forests [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] , due to processes that do not destroy the forest but alter forest structure, which have not been well quantified [8][9][10][16][17][18] . Processes leading to forest degradation 8,11,19,20 include fragmentation, selective logging and conversion of pristine into secondary forests 16,19,21,22 . One of these processes, which are mostly unconsidered for the carbon balance of the vegetation in the global carbon cycle, is the change in carbon emissions following fragmentation of tropical forestswhich results in the creation of additional forest-edge areas.…”