Biomass-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Dyes From Wastewater: A Review

Abstract

Dyes, especially azo dyes contained in wastewaters released from textile, pigment, and leather industries, are entering into natural waterbodies. This results in environmental deterioration and serious health damages (for example carcinogenicity and mutagenesis) through food chains. Physiochemical, membrane processes, electrochemical technology, advanced oxidation processes, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, electrodialysis, electrolysis, and adsorption techniques are commonly used conventional treatment technologies. However, the limitations of most of these methods include the generation of toxic sludge, high operational and maintenance costs. Thus, technological advancements are in use to remediate dyes from effluents. Adsorption using the nonconventional biomass-based sorbents is the greatest attractive alternatives because of their low cost, sustainability, availability, and eco-friendly. We present and reviewed up-to-date publications on biomass-based sorbents used for dye removal. Conceptualization and synthesizing their state-of-the-art knowledge on their characteristics, experimental conditions used were also discussed. The merits and limitations of various biosorbents were also reflected. The maximum dye adsorption capacities of various biosorbents were reviewed and synthesized in the order of the biomass type (algae, agricultural, fungal, bacterial, activated carbon, yeast, and others). Surface chemistry, pH, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dose as well as the ways of the preparations of materials affect the biosorption process. Based on the average dye adsorption capacity, those sorbents were arranged and prioritized. The best fit of the adsorption isotherms (for example Freundlich and Langmuir models) and basic operating parameters on the removal dyes were retrieved. Which biomass-based adsorbents have greater potential for dye removal based on their uptake nature, cost-effectiveness, bulk availability, and mono to multilayer adsorption behavior was discussed. The basic limitations including the desorption cycles of biomass-based adsorbent preparation and operation for the implementation of this technology were forwarded.

Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials and Applications of Lignocellulose-Based Polyurethanes: A Review

“…Other studies obtained proper adsorbents from residual products such as orange peel and sugarcane bagasse [ 102 ]. A detailed review of this matter has been recently published [ 103 ].…”

Adaptive Response of Thermophiles to Redox Stress and Their Role in the Process of dye Degradation From Textile Industry Wastewater

“…To remove dyes from textile industry wastewater, different physicochemical methods have been used. However, most of these treatment techniques are expensive and not environmentally friendly ( Aragaw and Bogale, 2021 ). On the other hand, biological treatment methods are cheap, efficient, and environmentally safe ( Aragaw, 2021 ).…”

Coconut husk-raw clay-Fe composite: preparation, characteristics and mechanisms of Congo red adsorption

“…Agricultural wastes and lignocellulosic materials are cheap, readily available and effective materials for production of adsorbents 10 . Agricultural wastes, which are rich in lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, possess functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, carboxyl, and methyl that can adsorb dye molecules from aqueous solutions 16 . Coconut husk is an agricultural by-product, which is discarded indiscriminately at times.…”