Biomarkers of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative defense in type 2 diabetes mellitus - comparative analysis

Abstract

The ob jec ti ve of our stu dy was to de ter mi ne the in ter re la tio ns be tween the "fi r st", no n-en zyma tic, and the "se con d", en zyma tic li ne of an tioxi da nt de fense in pa tien ts wi th type 2 dia be tes mel li tus and ma ni fes ted car dio vas cu lar com pli ca tio ns. The se co nd aim was to de ter mi ne the re la tio ns be tween prooxi da nt (li pid sta tus) and an tioxi da nt pa ra me te rs in pa tien ts un der ob ser vation. Met ho ds:In our ca se-con trol stu dy, a to tal of 117 type 2 dia be tic pa tien ts (69 wi th and 48 wit hout car dio vas cu lar com pli ca tio ns) and 42 heal thy sub jects we re in clu ded. An tioxi da nt en zyma tic pa ra me te rs: erythro cyte, Cu,Zn-SOD, glu tat hio ne pe roxi da se (GPx) and glu tat hio ne re duc ta se (GR), as we ll as to tal an tioxi da nt sta tus (TAS), bi li ru bin, uric acid, to tal pro tei ns, al bu min and haptog lo bin we re de ter mi ned. The en zyma tic an tioxi da nt pa ra me te rs and TAS we re ana lyzed usi ng com mer cial tes ts ma nu fac tu red by Ran dox Ltd. UK, based on spec trop ho to me ter met ho ds, whi le the ot her no n-en zyma tic and li pid pa ra me te rs we re de ter mi ned by stan da rd la bo ra to ry met ho ds. Re sul ts: In re la tion to heal thy sub jec ts, type 2 dia be ti cs wi th car dio vas cu lar com pli ca tio ns had sig ni fi can tly lower va lues of en zyma tic an tioxi dan ts (P < 0.001), and hig her va lues of to tal bi li ru bin (P = 0.050), uric acid (P < 0.001) and hap tog lo bin (P < 0.001). Weak po si ti ve cor re la tion was fou nd be tween SOD and GPx (R = 0.289, P = 0.028) and be tween SOD and GR (R = 0.259, P = 0.045), whi le weak ne ga ti ve cor re la tion was ob tai ned be tween GPx and uric acid (R = -0.35, P = 0.009), GPx and to tal bi li ru bi ne (R = -0.40, P = 0.018). TAS cor re la ted weak ly wi th trig lyce ri des (R = 0.32, P = 0.037), whi le GPx and GR cor re la ted wi th HDL-cho les te rol (R = 0.457, P = 0.007; and R = 0.466, P = 0.001). Con clu sio ns: Ba sed on the ob tai ned re sul ts, it may be con clu ded that type 2 dia be tic pa tien ts ha ve sig ni fi can tly mo di fi ed an tioxi da nt de fen se, wi th a va-Sažetak Cilj na še stu di je bio je od re di ti me đu sob ne od no se iz me đu "pr ve", neen zimske, te "dru ge", en zim ske cr te an tiok si da cij ske zaš ti te u bo les ni ka s še ćer nom bo les ti ti pa 2 i oči to va nim kar dio vas ku lar nim kom pli ka ci ja ma. Dru gi je cilj bio ut vr di ti od no se iz me đu prook si da cij skih (li pid ni sta tus) i an tiok si da cij skih para me ta ra u is pi ti va nih bo les ni ka. Ma te ri ja li i me to de: U na šu je stu di ju pa ro va bi lo uk lju če no ukup no 117 boles ni ka s še ćer nom bolesti ti pa (69 sa, te 48 bez kar dio vas ku lar nih kom pli kaci ja) i 42 zdra va is pi ta ni ka. Od re đi va ni su slje de ći an tiok si da cij ski en zim ski para met ri: erit ro citi, Cu, Zn-SOD, glu ta tio n-pe rok si da za (GPx) i glu ta tio n-re dukta za (GR), kao i ukup ni an tiok si da cij ski sta tus (en gl. to tal an tioxi da nt s...

Oxidative Stress as an Underlying Contributor in the Development of Chronic Complications in Diabetes Mellitus

“…Considering these variants, Kimura et al [61] identified increased levels of EC-SOD in T2DM carriers, especially in the presence of micro and macrovascular complications. On the other hand, diminished SOD activity was also observed in such individuals [63,73,75,78]. As for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzymes, Colak et al [75] detected reduced activity for both in patients with T2DM presenting with complications, whereas Kasznick et al [63] observed diminishment for GPx activity in T2DM carriers presenting with neuropathy, while Moemen et al observed a decrease in the activity of GPx in diabetic patients with proliferative neuropathy (PDR) [74].…”

“…On the other hand, diminished SOD activity was also observed in such individuals [63,73,75,78]. As for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) enzymes, Colak et al [75] detected reduced activity for both in patients with T2DM presenting with complications, whereas Kasznick et al [63] observed diminishment for GPx activity in T2DM carriers presenting with neuropathy, while Moemen et al observed a decrease in the activity of GPx in diabetic patients with proliferative neuropathy (PDR) [74]. Complementing the variety of presentation for the described enzymes in diabetic individuals, Moussa [62] and Bandeira et al [65], however, did not show significant changes for these enzymatic activities in T2DM patients.…”

“…Following this process, GPx and CAT are responsible for breaking H 2 O 2 into water and molecular oxygen [9], representing well known antioxidant enzymatic defenses (Figure 1). Finally, still considering the antioxidant defenses, some authors assessed the TAC, with results showing reduction of these components in T2DM carriers [62,73,75]. These observations, however, were not shown to be a consensus, as other descriptions in the literature [70] point to the increase in such defenses when considered T2DM patients.…”

Markers of Antioxidant Defense in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

“…Some elements of this system are measured in blood as markers of antioxidant defense. Diabetes is considered a state of increased oxidative stress but the published data referring to impairment of antioxidant defense in diabetic patients are contradictory [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Association with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Persons without Family History of Diabetes Mellitus

“…A study shown by K. Gawlik 32 , et al, reported that TAC of plasma was significantly higher in patients with diabetes when compared to control group. While it is believed that diabetes is associated with an increased production of ROS, the reports of the antioxidant defence in diabetes are contradictory 33,34 . Hence further research is still needed in the field of ROS and antioxidant defence system.…”