Biomarkers as Predictors in Health and Ecological Risk Assessment

Chambers, Janice E.; Boone, J. Scott; Carr, Russell L.; Chambers, Howard W.; Straus, David L.

doi:10.1080/20028091056809

Cited by 54 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…As noted earlier, a key difference between OPs and CBs is the time to recovery. Fish exposed to OPs require weeks to recover AChE activity (Chambers et al 2002, Ferrari et al 2004) while fish exposed to CBs require only hours to a few days for recovery (e.g., Ferrari et al 2004). As indicated in Table 2, this difference in time to recovery between OP and CB pesticides was a focus for the modeling scenarios.…”

Section: Organismal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although OPs and CBs both inhibit AChE activity, the OPs bind the enzyme irreversibly (Aldridge and Reiner 1972). As a consequence, recovery from exposure to OPs requires the synthesis of new cholinesterase enzyme, a process that can last up to several weeks (mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, Chambers et al 2002;goldfish, Carassius auratus, Ferrari et al 2004). By contrast, the CBs bind AChE reversibly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A fish of many scales: extrapolating sublethal pesticide exposures to the productivity of wild salmon populations

Baldwin¹,

Spromberg

Collier

et al. 2009

Ecological Applications

113

101

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Abstract. For more than a decade, numerous pesticides have been detected in river systems of the western United States that support anadromous species of Pacific salmon and steelhead. Over the same interval, several declining wild salmon populations have been listed as either threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). Because pesticides occur in surface waters that provide critical habitat for ESA-listed stocks, they are an ongoing concern for salmon conservation and recovery throughout California and the Pacific Northwest. Because pesticide exposures are typically sublethal, a key question is whether toxicological effects at (or below) the scale of the individual animal ultimately reduce the productivity and recovery potential of wild populations. In this study we evaluate how the sublethal impacts of pesticides on physiology and behavior can reduce the somatic growth of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and, by extension, subsequent sizedependent survival when animals migrate to the ocean and overwinter in their first year. Our analyses focused on the organophosphate and carbamate classes of insecticides. These neurotoxic chemicals have been widely detected in aquatic environments. They inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme in the salmon nervous system that regulates neurotransmittermediated signaling at synapses. Based on empirical data, we developed a model that explicitly links sublethal reductions in acetylcholinesterase activity to reductions in feeding behavior, food ration, growth, and size at migration. Individual size was then used to estimate sizedependent survival during migration and transition to the sea. Individual survival estimates were then integrated into a life-history population projection matrix and used to calculate population productivity and growth rate. Our results indicate that short-term (i.e., four-day) exposures that are representative of seasonal pesticide use may be sufficient to reduce the growth and size at ocean entry of juvenile chinook. The consequent reduction in individual survival over successive years reduces the intrinsic productivity (lambda) of a modeled oceantype chinook population. Overall, we show that exposures to common pesticides may place important constraints on the recovery of ESA-listed salmon species, and that simple models can be used to extrapolate toxicological impacts across several scales of biological complexity.

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Section: Organismal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A fish of many scales: extrapolating sublethal pesticide exposures to the productivity of wild salmon populations

Baldwin¹,

Spromberg

Collier

et al. 2009

Ecological Applications

113

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Biomarkers of exposure may have the potential to offer an alternative to some chemical analyses or to measure effects of short-lived chemicals as well as giving a more biologically relevant indication of exposure (Hagger et al, 2006). On the other hand, biomarkers of effect can shed light on qualitative aspects of hazard identification by both demonstrating that a hazard is occurring and elucidating the mechanisms responsible (Chambers et al 2002). These biomarkers can provide insights into both the causal factors of the hazard and its ecological consequences, depending on the degree of specificity of the biomarker with the pressure and the degree to which its expression to higher order effects is understood.…”

Section: Biomarkers: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the change in these biomarkers may not be predictive of the degree of adverse effects either on the organism or in the population. Biomarkers of effect are associated specifically with the toxicant's mechanism of action and are sufficiently well characterized to relate the degree of biomarker modification to the degree of adverse effects (Chambers et al, 2002). Biomarker of exposure and biomarkers of effect can differently contribute to environmental assessment.…”

Section: Biomarkers: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potentially, any alterations in any of the molecular, cellular, biochemical, and physiological processes occurring within an organism following pollutant exposure could be used as biomarkers. Biomarkers, in general, may be classified into biomarkers of exposure, and biomarkers of effect (Chambers et al, 2002). The former indicate that an organism has experienced exposure to a pollutant, and offer an early signal for exposure to micropollutants.…”

Section: Biomarkers: Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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