Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress—Last 20 Years of Research with an Emphasis on Kidney Damage and Renal Transplantation

Abstract

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between pro- and antioxidants that adversely influences the organism in various mechanisms and on many levels. Oxidative damage occurring concomitantly in many cellular structures may cause a deterioration of function, including apoptosis and necrosis. The damage leaves a molecular “footprint”, which can be detected by specific methodology, using certain oxidative stress biomarkers. There is an intimate relationship between oxidative stress, inflammation, and functional impairment, resulting in various diseases affecting the entire human body. In the current narrative review, we strengthen the connection between oxidative stress mechanisms and their active compounds, emphasizing kidney damage and renal transplantation. An analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, products of peroxidation, and finally signaling pathways gives a lot of promising data that potentially will modify cell responses on many levels, including gene expression. Oxidative damage, stress, and ROS are still intensively exploited research subjects. We discuss compounds mentioned earlier as biomarkers of oxidative stress and present their role documented during the last 20 years of research. The following keywords and MeSH terms were used in the search: oxidative stress, kidney, transplantation, ischemia-reperfusion injury, IRI, biomarkers, peroxidation, and treatment.

Lipid peroxidation as a hallmark of severity in COVID-19 patients

“…Further reactions lead to aldehydes syntheses such as MDA or HNE. Lipid peroxidation affects all cell membranes inducing damage and loss of function [ 30 ]. MDA is commonly considered a marker of ferroptosis [ 31 ].…”

Sense and Sensibilities of Organ Perfusion as a Kidney and Liver Viability Assessment Platform

“…This injury process leaves marks, e.g., representing epithelial cell disruption and tubular injury that might be detected as biomarkers in the perfusate ( 22 , 23 ).…”

Applications and Mechanisms of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook. F. and its Preparations in Kidney Diseases

“…Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be divided into free radicals and non-free radicals. Although they play an important role in signal transduction, they have a strong binding capacity that can cause injuries to cellular components, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA ( Tejchman et al, 2021 ). Oxidative stress is an important factor in inducing the progression of kidney diseases ( Coppolino et al, 2018 ).…”