Biology, Host Relations, and Epidemiology of <i>Sarcoptes scabiei</i>

Arlian, Larry G.

doi:10.1146/annurev.en.34.010189.001035

Cited by 207 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…However, it should be kept in mind that the first cases of canine scabies refractory to ivermectin treatment have been reported recently [17]. Treatment of human contacts of animal scabies has been found to be unnecessary in the past; supported by experimental data showing only limited cross-infestivity between different host species [18]. However in our patient, symptomatic treatment was not enough to relieve severe pruritus causing sleep disturbance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Canine Scabies in Humans: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Aydıngöz

Mansur²

2011

Dermatology

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Background:Sarcoptes scabiei causes mange in many domestic and wild mammals, and it has been reported to be transmitted from animals to humans. Canine scabies is known to infest humans, as well. Case Report: We report a 27-year-old woman who presented with severe pruritic papules on the trunk and arms. The patient reported that she had just bought a puppy which was also itchy. Direct microscopy from the dog showed scabies mites. The patient was treated by 5% permethrin which accomplished full recovery. Discussion: Canine scabies in humans is a challenging disease to diagnose since mites are hard to find on skin scrapings of dogs and the burrows that are the hallmark of scabies are absent. Dermatological examination of the lesions in our patient did not show any burrows or a specific dermoscopic image of scabies. Instead, we observed curvilinear crusts on most of the papules. Conclusion: To our knowledge, dermoscopic appearance of canine scabies in humans has not been described before. We think this special pattern of excoriations is the result of superficially dug tunnels that had been torn leaving vacant curved linear remnants behind, and this may provide a good support for the diagnosis of canine scabies contributing to the spectrum of entodermoscopy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Canine Scabies in Humans: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Aydıngöz

Mansur²

2011

Dermatology

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“…Although we failed to find any mite DNA in the swab samples taken from the immediate surroundings of this patient, we cannot exclude the possibility that the environment and fomites play roles in the transmission of scabies. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of mites in dust samples in the vicinity of scabies patients, and our sampling method may not have been sensitive enough to detect the small amount of mite DNA in the environment (31,52). Further improvements in environmental sampling techniques that increase the quantity of desquamated skin in these samples may increase the sensitivity of the PCR assays for environmental surveillance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Misdiagnosis of scabies is not uncommon, owing partly to the multifarious manifestations of scabies but also the lack of clinical awareness by attending clinicians (19,29,30). The classical burrows, though present, are often not readily visible and may require dermoscopy and the burrow ink test to facilitate their detection (31,32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Conventional and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Scabies

et al. 2015

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c Scabies remains the most prevalent, endemic, and neglected ectoparasitic infestation globally and can cause institutional outbreaks. The sensitivity of routine microscopy for demonstration of Sarcoptes scabiei mites or eggs in skin scrapings is only about 50%. Except for three studies using conventional or two-tube nested PCR on a small number of cases, no systematic study has been performed to improve the laboratory diagnosis of this important infection. We developed a conventional and a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of S. scabiei. The cox1 gene is relatively well conserved, with its sequence having no high levels of similarity to the sequences of other human skin mites, pathogenic zoonotic mites, or common house dust mite species. This mitochondrial gene is also present in large quantities in arthropod cells, potentially improving the sensitivity of a PCR-based assay. In our study, both assays were specific and were more sensitive than microscopy in diagnosing scabies, with positive and negative predictive values of 100%. The S. scabiei DNA copy number in the microscopy-positive specimens was significantly higher than that in the microscopy-negative specimens (median S. scabiei DNA copy number, 3.604 versus 2.457 log 10 copies per reaction; P ‫؍‬ 0.0213). In the patient with crusted scabies, the qPCR assay performed on lesional skin swabs instead of scrapings revealed that the parasite DNA load took about 2 weeks to become negative after treatment. The utility of using lesional skin swabs as an alternative sample for diagnosis of scabies by PCR should be further evaluated. Scabies remains a significant infectious problem worldwide and is a problem not merely in developing countries but also in the developed world. An estimated 300 million cases of scabies occur globally every year, with scabies having a particular association with young children, poor hygiene, homelessness, crowdedness, and poverty in the tropical and subtropical regions (1). The prevalence of scabies in some populations, such as Australian aborigines, can be as high as 25 to 50%, and the burden of disease and morbidity are further aggravated by complications with bacterial pyoderma, including that caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2, 3). In developed countries, scabies causes significant public health issues in vulnerable individuals, such as individuals at the extremes of ages and immunocompromised hosts. For example, an estimated incidence of 233 to 470 per 100,000 person-years was reported in a national study conducted from 1994 to 2003 in England (4). In addition, outbreaks readily occur in the community in schools, hospitals (including intensive care units), and other institutions (5-10). Among immunocompromised patients, such as HIV-infected individuals, organ transplant recipients, and patients on biologics or other immunosuppressive therapies, scabies can occur as an unrecognized complication with considerable delays in diagnosis and...

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“…Close contact between pair mates or group members may strongly increase risk of disease transmission; thus sociality is probably one of the main factors influencing sarcoptic mange infections. As sarcoptic mange may alternatively be transferred indirectly, for example by using the same dens or nests (Arlian 1989), shared use of den sites by individuals of the same or different species seems to be the second most important factor of pathogen transmission. Simultaneous den use by different carnivore species was reported in numerous studies (Goszczyn´ski and Wo´jtowicz 2001;Theuerkauf (Kowalczyk et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcoptic mange vulnerability in carnivores of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland: underlying determinant factors

Kołodziej‐Sobocińska

Zalewski

Kowalczyk

2013

Ecological Research

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Sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, is a highly contagious worldwide mite infection responsible for epizootic skin disease in populations of wild and domestic mammals. It causes skin disorders that may lead to severe generalized skin disease (mange). We investigated the spread and dynamics of sarcoptic mange in one of the best preserved carnivore communities in the Białowie_ za Primeval Forest over the last 20 years. Sarcoptic mange was found in 6 of 10 investigated species. The highest percentage of infected individuals was recorded in red foxes (19 %), European badgers (9 %), grey wolves (7 %), raccoon dogs (6 %), and stone martens (5 %). Other species were not infected (least weasel, American mink, European polecat, pine marten) or infected sporadically (Eurasian lynx--1 case). Rate of infection was correlated with the sum of ecological and behavioral features, which may increase the spread of infection. Outbreaks of sarcoptic mange occurred simultaneously in several species of carnivores, which indicates the occurrence of between species transmission. We found that the source of investigated individuals (trapped, culled and found dead) may influence the results of the analysis. Our study shows that in carnivore communities such as in Białowie_ za Forest, numerous species may serve as a reservoir of the pathogen and favor its persistence in the environment. This study indicates that sociality and use of den sites are important factors affecting sarcoptic mange spread and prevalence in wild populations of carnivores.

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Biology, Host Relations, and Epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei

Cited by 207 publications

References 78 publications

Canine Scabies in Humans: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Canine Scabies in Humans: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Development of Conventional and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Scabies

Sarcoptic mange vulnerability in carnivores of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland: underlying determinant factors

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