Biological treatment of biowaste as an innovative source of CO—The role of composting process

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an essential “building block” for producing everyday chemicals on industrial scale. Carbon monoxide can also be generated though a lesser-known and sometimes forgotten biorenewable pathways that could be explored to advance biobased production from large and more sustainable sources such as bio-waste treatment. Organic matter decomposition can generate carbon monoxide both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. While anaerobic carbon monoxide generation is relatively well understood, the aerobic is not. Yet many industrial-scale bioprocesses involve both conditions. This review summarizes the necessary basic biochemistry knowledge needed for realization of initial steps towards biobased carbon monoxide production. We analyzed for the first time, the complex information about carbon monoxide production during aerobic, anaerobic bio-waste treatment and storage, carbon monoxide-metabolizing microorganisms, pathways, and enzymes with bibliometric analysis of trends. The future directions recognizing limitations of combined composting and carbon monoxide production have been discussed in greater detail.

Effective Carbon Dioxide Mitigation and Improvement of Compost Nutrients with the Use of Composts’ Biochar

“…In this study, significant changes in CO emissions were observed; meanwhile, in other research, average CO emissions did not statistically differ between 3% biochar and control piles [62]. Hellebrand and Schade demonstrated that the CO produced during composting is generated by abiotic reactions and not by microorganisms [64], but our own research shows that CO emissions differ in biotic and abiotic conditions [63], and there are a lot of different pathways when CO can be generated during the composting by microorganisms [65]. As biochar can positively affect the microbial community-the population of actinomycetes, cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria showed increases over the period of composting [66]-this effect should be examined in future studies.…”

Carbon Monoxide Production during Bio-Waste Composting under Different Temperature and Aeration Regimes

“…As substrates rich in organic carbon, they are currently mainly subjected to composting or anaerobic digestion processes; however, their potential is constantly recognized in other areas, such as biorefinery processes [ 1 ]. Despite the development of this field of study in recent years, so far, the possibility of coupling “conventional” waste-processing processes with the production of valuable biochemicals or biofuels by converting generated process gases has not been taken into account [ 2 ]. However, the bio-waste composting process, during which net carbon monoxide (CO) production has been observed, has the potential to couple these processes [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ].…”

Optimization and Experiment of Livestock and Poultry Manure Composting Equipment with Vented Heating

“…Recognizing these challenges, China has outlined goals for agricultural sustainability to ensure the comprehensive utilization of livestock waste and crop straw by 2030 [9][10][11]. Given the urgency of harmless manure treatment, composting-a widely used method-transforms livestock and poultry manure into organic fertilizer, increasing agricultural yield and mitigating soil degradation from traditional fertilizers [12][13][14][15][16]. However, uncontrolled factors such as temperature, humidity, and ventilation during natural fermentation composting can lead to incomplete decomposition, resulting in wasted resources, environmental pollution, and ineffective composting [17][18][19].…”