Biological Therapies of Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

The advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the autoimmune diseases have led to new treatment targets. Biological agents enhance or replace conventional immunosuppressive therapies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. TNF-alpha has been validated as a good treatment target but the potential modalities also include the inhibition of the interaction between LFA-3 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3) and CD2, the blockade of the IL-1 receptors, the antibodies against the alpha4 integrins, the antibodies against B-cell CD20 and the inhibition of the activation of T-cells. The new treatments have had a major impact on inflammatory symptoms, the radiological damage and the anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis and have substantially controlled the signs and symptoms in the spondylarthropathies group and plaque-type psoriasis. The efficacy of the biologic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus warrants further investigation but there have been some promising results in proliferative lupus nephritis. Several small studies have explored their use in the treatment of Sjogren's syndrome, adult onset Still's disease and several vasculitides but the results are still preliminary and warrant confirmation. The efficacy of the biological agents has been impressive. Susceptibility to infections has always been a major concern; a high level of suspicion is necessary and strategies should be implemented for the prevention, the rapid identification and pre-emptive therapy of such infections.

The Evolving Systemic and Local Biomarker Milieu at Different Stages of Disease Progression in Rat Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis

“…Their central importance is demonstrated by the ability of anti-IL-1 or anti-TNF-α biologics to reduce clinical and structural measures of disease in arthritic patients [8,9] and animals with induced arthritis [10][11][12][13][14][15]. For this reason, cytokine inhibitors that block the action of IL-1 or TNF-α are widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other immune-mediated skeletal diseases [16][17][18].…”

Efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser treatment for cutaneous discoid lupus erythematosus

“…[1][2][3] Current treatment options include topical and systemic glucocorticosteroids, 4-6 sunscreens, 7 antimalarial agents, 8,9 retinoids, 10,11 dapsone, 12 methotrexate, 13 thalidomide, 14 immunoglobulins, 15 azathioprine, 16 and cyclophosphamide. 17 Occasionally, beneficial effects of topical immunomodulators, 18,19 biologicals, 20,21 cyclosporin, 22 immunoglobulins, 23 mycophenolate mofetil, 24 rituximab, 25 and anti-tumor necrosis factor alfa agents 26 have been reported. When a lack of efficacy or adverse events is experienced, physical and surgical therapies including cryotherapy, dermabrasion, and laser treatment have been tried.…”

Off-Label Uses of Anti-TNF Therapy in Three Frequent Disorders: Behçet’s Disease, Sarcoidosis, and Noninfectious Uveitis

“…In fact, it is central to the initiation and maintenance of inflammation in multiple autoimmune and nonautoimmune disorders. TNF- α , which is released by macrophages, monocytes, and T lymphocytes, as well as other types of cells, can be found both in its soluble form and bound to the cellular membrane [1–3]. …”