Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. IV. Pulmonary effects

Russ, Kristen A.; Thompson, Joel A.; Reynolds, Jeffrey; Mercer, Robert R.; Porter, Dale W.; McKinney, Walter; Dey, Richard D.; Barger, Mark; Cumpston, Jared L.; Batchelor, Thomas P.; Kashon, Michael L.; Kodali, Vamsi; Jackson, Mark; Sriram, Krishnan; Fedan, Jeffrey S.

doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115284

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Thus, cell penetration can probably explain the high toxicity of the samples shown by flow cytometry. Using dark-field and hyperspectral microscopy, the distribution and formation of aggregates of air pollutants in lungs [ 47 , 48 , 49 ], human embryonic stem cells [ 50 ], cultures of macrophages, and bronchial epithelial cells [ 51 ] were studied. We were the first to study the distribution and uptake of fly ash in Jurkat cells, and with the help of hyperspectral microscopy, the fly ash particles were found either on the surface or inside the cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Toxicity of Fly Ash: An In Vitro Study

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fly ash produced during coal combustion is one of the major sources of air and water pollution, but the data on the impact of micrometer-size fly ash particles on human cells is still incomplete. Fly ash samples were collected from several electric power stations in the United States (Rockdale, TX; Dolet Hill, Mansfield, LA; Rockport, IN; Muskogee, OK) and from a metallurgic plant located in the Russian Federation (Chelyabinsk Electro-Metallurgical Works OJSC). The particles were characterized using dynamic light scattering, atomic force, and hyperspectral microscopy. According to chemical composition, the fly ash studied was ferro-alumino-silicate mineral containing substantial quantities of Ca, Mg, and a negligible concentration of K, Na, Mn, and Sr. The toxicity of the fly ash microparticles was assessed in vitro using HeLa cells (human cervical cancer cells) and Jurkat cells (immortalized human T lymphocytes). Incubation of cells with different concentrations of fly ash resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability for all fly ash variants. The most prominent cytotoxic effect in HeLa cells was produced by the ash particles from Rockdale, while the least was produced by the fly ash from Chelyabinsk. In Jurkat cells, the lowest toxicity was observed for fly ash collected from Rockport, Dolet Hill and Muscogee plants. The fly ash from Rockdale and Chelyabinsk induced DNA damage in HeLa cells, as revealed by the single cell electrophoresis, and disrupted the normal nuclear morphology. The interaction of fly ash microparticles of different origins with cells was visualized using dark-field microscopy and hyperspectral imaging. The size of ash particles appeared to be an important determinant of their toxicity, and the smallest fly ash particles from Chelyabinsk turned out to be the most cytotoxic to Jukart cells and the most genotoxic to HeLa cells.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Toxicity of Fly Ash: An In Vitro Study

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While in the present study NK cell function was only suppressed at 1 d and 27 d post-exposure, it is possible that this is a result of the multiple element components in the FSD 8, leading to different mechanisms of suppression. While not directly evaluated in these studies, it is plausible to propose that exposure to a soluble portion of the metals within the FSD 8 (Olgun et al, 2020;Russ et al, 2020) might be directly responsible for the immediate suppression while indirect factors associated with cell death and proinflammatory pathways initiated as a result of the pulmonary clearance of silica might be responsible for the delayed suppression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The FSD used in this study was FSD 8, one of nine FSDs that were collected at domestic fracking operations and compared against respiratory crystalline silica (MIN-U-SIL® 5; MIN-U-SIL) with regard to chemical and physical properties and preliminary toxicity appraisal (Fedan et al, 2020). A more detained characterization of FSD 8 and the wholebody inhalation exposure system is described in accompanying reports (Fedan et al, 2020;McKinney et al, 2013;Russ et al, 2020). The concentrations selected for use in these studies were based off of previous studies conducted at NIOSH and determined to be comparable to human exposure (Russ et al, 2020).…”

Section: Fsd 8 Inhalation Exposures and General Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more detained characterization of FSD 8 and the wholebody inhalation exposure system is described in accompanying reports (Fedan et al, 2020;McKinney et al, 2013;Russ et al, 2020). The concentrations selected for use in these studies were based off of previous studies conducted at NIOSH and determined to be comparable to human exposure (Russ et al, 2020).…”

Section: Fsd 8 Inhalation Exposures and General Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reader is directed to the first paper in the series (Fedan, 2020), which describes the overall approach to the investigation in the context of current knowledge about silica. The other studies in this series have concerned the effects of FSD 8 on lung ventilatory and nonventilatory functions, inflammatory mechanisms, and cardiovascular, and immune systems, brain and blood (Russ et al, 2020;Sager et al, 2020;Krajnak et al, 2020;Sriram et al, 2020) as well as cytotoxicity (Olgun et al, 2020), and been summarized (Fedan et al, 2020). Hydraulic fracturing (i.e., "fracking") involves high pressure injection of large volumes of water and sand, along with smaller quantities of chemicals, into a gas or oil well to fracture shale or other rock formations, allowing more efficient recovery of hydrocarbons (Esswein et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. VIII. Immunotoxicity

Anderson

Shane

Long

et al. 2020

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") is a process used to enhance retrieval of gas from subterranean natural gasladen rock by fracturing it under pressure. Sand used to stabilize fissures and facilitate gas flow creates a potential occupational hazard from respirable fracking sand dust (FSD). As studies of the immunotoxicity of FSD are lacking, the effects of whole-body inhalation (6 h/d for 4 d) of a FSD, i.e., FSD 8, was investigated at 1, 7, and 27 d post-exposure in rats. Exposure to 10 mg/m 3 FSD 8 resulted in decreased lung-associated lymph node (LLN) cellularity, total B-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and total natural killer (NK) cells at 7-d post exposure. The frequency of CD4+ T-cells decreased while the frequency of B-cells increased (7 and 27 d) in the LLN. In contrast, increases in LLN cellularity and increases in total CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were observed in rats following 30 mg/m 3 FSD 8 at 1 d post-exposure. Increases in the frequency and number of CD4+ T-cells and NK cells were observed in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid at 7-d post-exposure (10 mg/m 3 ) along with an increase in total CD4+ T-cells, CD11b + cells, and NK cells at 1-day post-exposure (30 mg/m 3 ). Increases in the numbers of B-cells and CD8+ T-cells were observed in the spleen at 1-day post 30 mg/m 3 FSD 8 exposure. In addition, NK cell activity was suppressed at 1 d (30 mg/m 3 ) and 27 d post-exposure (10 mg/m 3 ). No change in the IgM response to sheep red blood cells was observed. The findings indicate that FSD 8 caused alterations in cellularity, phenotypic subsets, and impairment of immune function.

show abstract