Biological effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in fish: A review

Swain, P.; Nayak, S.K.; Nanda, Pramod Kumar; Dash, Swati Sucharita

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2008.04.009

Cited by 183 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…Adult fish or zebrafish i.c. injected with high doses of LPS from different bacterial species, including Edwardsiella (100 mg), do not present mortalities or toxic shock syndrome symptoms (Swain et al, 2008; our data not shown). However, at the intestinal level we observed that E. ictaluri LPS deletions have a profound effect on fish intestinal inflammation depending on the type of effect that the deletion has on the bacterial LPS (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

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Mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial peptides of Edwardsiella ictaluri and its influence on fish gut inflammation and virulence

et al. 2013

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The genus Edwardsiella comprises a genetically distinct taxon related to other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It consists of bacteria differing strongly in their biochemical and physiological features, natural habitats, and pathogenic properties. Intrinsic resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) is a specific property of the genus Edwardsiella. In particular, Edwardsiella ictaluri, an important pathogen of the catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) aquaculture and the causative agent of a fatal systemic infection, is highly resistant to CAMPs. E. ictaluri mechanisms of resistance to CAMPs are unknown. We hypothesized that E. ictaluri lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a role in both virulence and resistance to CAMPs. The putative genes related to LPS oligo-polysaccharide (O-PS) synthesis were in-frame deleted. Individual deletions of wibT, gne and ugd eliminated synthesis of the O-PS, causing auto-agglutination, rough colonies, biofilm-like formation and motility defects. Deletion of ugd, the gene that encodes the UDP-glucose dehydrogenase enzyme responsible for synthesis of UDP-glucuronic acid, causes sensitivity to CAMPs, indicating that UDP-glucuronic acid and its derivatives are related to CAMP intrinsic resistance. E. ictaluri OP-S mutants showed different levels of attenuation, colonization of lymphoid tissues and immune protection in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and catfish. Orally inoculated catfish with O-PS mutant strains presented different degrees of gut inflammation and colonization of lymphoid tissues. Here we conclude that intrinsic resistance to CAMPs is mediated by Ugd enzyme, which has a pleiotropic effect in E. ictaluri influencing LPS synthesis, motility, agglutination, fish gut inflammation and virulence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

“…Fish have no or a poor inflammatory immune response to LPS (Berczi et al, 1966;Iliev et al, 2005;Swain et al, 2008). However, there are, to our knowledge, no studies about fish intestinal gut inflammation related to Edwardsiella LPS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial peptides of Edwardsiella ictaluri and its influence on fish gut inflammation and virulence

et al. 2013

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“…The TD Ag up-regulated expressions of CD154 and CD40 suggested that the increase of these two molecules may be accompanied by activation of Th-like cells and Th-like-activated B cells, similar to that in mammals. The TI Ag up-regulated expression of CD40 suggested that this molecule might be involved in some unknown pathways, besides the Th-like-dependent pathway, or it may contribute to LPS acting as a B cell mitogen that can induce B cell proliferation and activation (41). As evidence of this hypothesis, the percentages of CD154 ϩ cells after stimulation with PHA (mitogen for T cells) and CD40 ϩ cells after stimulation with LPS (mitogen for B cells) were measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD154-CD40 Interactions Are Essential for Thymus-Dependent Antibody Production in Zebrafish: Insights into the Origin of Costimulatory Pathway in Helper T Cell-Regulated Adaptive Immunity in Early Vertebrates

Gong

Xiang²,

Shao³

2009

The Journal of Immunology

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The CD154-CD40-mediated costimulatory pathway is critical for T-B cell cooperation in thymus-dependent (TD) immune response in mammals. However, little is known about its existence and occurrence in lower vertebrates. Here, we report on the identification and functional characterization of CD154 and CD40 homologs from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Zebrafish CD154 is a type II membrane-bound protein with a TNF homology domain in its extracellular C-terminal region, whose tertiary structure is a sandwich containing two stacked sheets with “jelly roll” topology, just as the human TNF members do. The zebrafish CD40 is a type I membrane-bound protein with a sequence pattern of four cysteine-rich domains in its extracellular N-terminal region. The consensus TNFR-associated factor (TRAF)2- and TRAF6-binding motifs in mammalian CD40 are found in the cytoplasmic tail of zebrafish CD40, which indicates similar signal transduction mechanisms to higher vertebrates. Zebrafish CD154 and CD40 are widely distributed and can be up-regulated by thymus-dependent Ag. The production of IgM was dramatically decreased by anti-CD154 or soluble CD40, and it was enhanced by soluble CD154 or CD154-encoding plasmid in vivo. Thymus-dependent Ag-induced CD154 expression was inhibited by cyclosporin A, suggesting that CD154 functionally associates with T cells. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that CD40 and membrane IgM colocalized in B cells. CD154-CD40 binding assays showed that CD154 specifically binds to CD40 at homodimeric form. Our results provide the first evidence for the existence of the functional CD154-CD40-mediated costimulatory pathway and helper T cell regulatory mechanism underlying adaptive immunity in a fish species.

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“…Although prophylactic measures such as treatment with antibiotics and vaccine administration have been adopted widely to reduce fish losses these control strategies have either possible environmental impacts or are limited by their specificity [1]. An alternative and promising disease prevention method used in fish farming is the enhancement of the fish innate immune defenses through the administration of natural immunostimulants such as b-glucans [2] or other pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [3] and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) [4] which mimic bacterial and viral infections respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding common carp Cyprinus carpio with β-glucan supplemented diet stimulates C-reactive protein and complement immune acute phase responses following PAMPs injection

Pionnier

Falcó

Miest

et al. 2014

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Biological effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) in fish: A review

Cited by 183 publications

References 139 publications

Mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial peptides of Edwardsiella ictaluri and its influence on fish gut inflammation and virulence

Mechanisms of intrinsic resistance to antimicrobial peptides of Edwardsiella ictaluri and its influence on fish gut inflammation and virulence

CD154-CD40 Interactions Are Essential for Thymus-Dependent Antibody Production in Zebrafish: Insights into the Origin of Costimulatory Pathway in Helper T Cell-Regulated Adaptive Immunity in Early Vertebrates

Feeding common carp Cyprinus carpio with β-glucan supplemented diet stimulates C-reactive protein and complement immune acute phase responses following PAMPs injection

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