Biological and clinical responses of West African sheep to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus experimental infection

Gonzalez, Jean‐Paul; Camicas, Jean-Louis; Cornet, Jean-Paul; Wilson, Mark L.

doi:10.1016/s0923-2516(99)80013-2

Cited by 39 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Sheep have been known to be one of the main hosts acting as a reservoir for the virus and also a main and primary host for vector ticks in areas to which CCHF is endemic. 25 Because approximately 60% of 90 million domestic livestock in Iran are sheep, the infection among them is considerable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Analysis of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iran

Mostafavi¹,

Haghdoost²,

Khakifirouz³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease. During 1999-2011, 871 human cases of CCHF were diagnosed in Iran. A history of serologic conversion for CCHF virus was seen in 58.7% of 2,447 sheep samples, 25.0% of 1,091 cattle samples and 24.8% of 987 goat samples from different parts of Iran. Spatial analysis showed that the main foci of this disease in humans during these years were in eastern Iran (P 0.01) and the second most common foci were in northeastern and central Iran. Two livestock foci were detected in the northeastern northwestern Iran. On the basis of the results of this study, infection likely entered Iran from eastern and western neighboring countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Analysis of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iran

Mostafavi¹,

Haghdoost²,

Khakifirouz³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Human exposure to an expanded number of small vertebrate hosts of Hyalomma ticks may also have contributed to the recent explosion of cases in Central Turkey, when residents returned to farms abandoned during civil strife. Such geographic Gonzalez et al (1998Gonzalez et al ( ) 1998 Young ostriches inoculated with CCHFV were viremic on days 1-4 postinfection Swanepoel et al (1998) ''foci'' of intense disease transmission are also seen in other tickborne diseases, such as Omsk hemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest disease.…”

Section: Features Of An Enzootic Focusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

et al. 2013

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Bente, Dennis A.; Forrester, Naomi L.; Watts, Douglas M.; McAuley, Alexander J.; Whitehouse, Chris A.; and Bray, Mike, "CrimeanCongo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity" (2013 b s t r a c tCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank.

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“…Infection in these animals generally results in inapparent or subclinical disease but generates viremia levels capable of supporting virus transmission to uninfected ticks [2,47,48,[52][53][54]. The role of birds in the ecology and epidemiology of CCHF remains unclear.…”

Section: History and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

Flick

Whitehouse²

2005

CMM

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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an important human pathogen, which is the cause of a tick-borne illness occurring in many areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe. CCHF is characterized by a sudden onset of high fever, chills, and severe headache. Other symptoms can include gastrointestinal disorders, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe cases, hemorrhagic manifestations can occur and often present as large areas of ecchymosis, rather than frank bleeding. Exposure to ticks, particularly those in the genus Hyalomma, or direct contact with virus-infected animals or people are considered the major risk factors. Studies on CCHFV are impeded by the biocontainment needed for their manipulation. However, the increasing worldwide medical awareness, the enormous interest of the media in hemorrhagic fever diseases, and their potential to be used as a bioweapon, have greatly spurred on research on this important virus, as evidenced by many new developments including the development of a reverse genetics system which should greatly enhance future research with this virus.

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Biological and clinical responses of West African sheep to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus experimental infection

Cited by 39 publications

References 15 publications

Spatial Analysis of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iran

Spatial Analysis of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iran

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: History, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus

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