Biological Analysis of the Microbial Metabolism of Hetero-Oligosaccharides in Application to Glycotechnology

Yamamoto, Kenji

doi:10.1271/bbb.120401

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Rudloff et al [30] suggested the presence of ‘modified’ HMOs in urine that may come directly from breast milk itself, or that may be synthesized endogenously from smaller precursors. It may also be a breakdown product resulting from bacterial fermentation of glycoconjugates in milk or the shedding of Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc structures from cell surfaces [40], [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Evidence for the Presence of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Circulation of Breastfed Infants

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIt has been hypothesized that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) confer systemic health benefits to breastfed infants; however, plausible mechanisms for some effects, such as systemic immunomodulation, require HMOs to access the bloodstream of the developing infant. While small concentrations of HMOs have been detected in the urine of breastfed infants there are no published studies of these oligosaccharides accessing the plasma compartment of breastfed infants. Here we determined the relative fractions of several ingested HMOs in infant urine and plasma. Plasma from formula-fed infants was used as a control.MethodsUsing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we analyzed the urine and plasma from 17 healthy formula-fed infants and 16 healthy breast-fed infants (and the milk from their mothers).ResultsMultiple HMOs were detected in the urine and plasma of breastfed infants, but not in formula-fed infants. Levels of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), 3FL and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) in both plasma (r = 0.98, p<0.001; r = 0.75, p = 0.002; r = 0.71, p = 0.004) and urine (r = 0.81, p<0.001; r = 0.56, p = 0.026; NS) correlated significantly with concentrations in the corresponding breast milk. The relative fractions of HMOs were low, 0.1% of milk levels for plasma and 4% of milk levels for urine. Within the breastfed cohort, there were significant differences between secretor and nonsecretor groups in levels of several fucosylated HMOs.ConclusionAt least some ingested HMOs are absorbed intact into the circulation and excreted in the urine and their concentrations in these fluids correlate with levels of the corresponding mother's milk. While relative fractions of absorbed HMOs were low, these levels have been shown to have biological effects in vitro, and could explain some of the postulated benefits of human milk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Evidence for the Presence of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Circulation of Breastfed Infants

et al. 2014

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“…The mycoplasmas presumably hydrolyse starch to oligosaccharides that are imported. Perhaps G1P is produced in mycoplasmas only by transfer of phosphate to the hexose as the glycosidic bond between the sugar residues of an imported oligosaccharide is broken, similar to the proposed production of galactose‐1‐P in bifidobacteria (Yamamoto, ). The resulting G1P is then used to support synthesis of rhamnose and glycoconjugates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Rhamnose biosynthesis in mycoplasmas requires precursor glycans larger than monosaccharide

Jordan

Daubenspeck

Dybvig

2013

Molecular Microbiology

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Summary Despite the apparent absence of genes coding for the known pathways for biosynthesis, the monosaccharide rhamnose was detected in the D configuration in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pulmonis, and in both the D and L configurations in Mycoplasma arthritidis. Surprisingly, the monosaccharide glucose was not a precursor for rhamnose biosynthesis and was not incorporated at detectable levels in glucose-containing polysaccharides or glycoconjugates. In contrast, carbon atoms from starch, a polymer of glucose, were incorporated into rhamnose in each of the three species examined. When grown in a serum-free medium supplemented with starch, M. arthritidis synthesized higher levels of rhamnose, with a shift in the relative amounts of the D and L configurations. Our findings suggest the presence of a novel pathway for rhamnose synthesis that is widespread in the genus Mycoplasma.

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“…The inability of M. arthritidis to import glucose and mannose as a monosaccharide suggests that oligosaccharides might be required for glycoconjugate synthesis as described for bifidobacteria (Yamamoto, ). The putative oligosaccharide importer is not apparent through bioinformatic analysis, and the results shown in Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

O‐linked protein glycosylation in mycoplasma

Jordan

Daubenspeck

Laube

et al. 2013

Molecular Microbiology

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Summary Although mycoplasmas have a paucity of glycosyltransferases and nucleotidyltransferases recognizable by bioinformatics, these bacteria are known to produce polysaccharides and glycolipids. We show here that mycoplasmas also produce glycoproteins and hence have glycomes more complex than previously realized. Proteins from several species of Mycoplasma reacted with a glycoprotein stain, and the murine pathogen Mycoplasma arthritidis was chosen for further study. The presence of M. arthritidis glycoproteins was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. O-linked glycosylation was clearly identified at both serine and threonine residues. No consensus amino acid sequence was evident for the glycosylation sites of the glycoproteins. A single hexose was identified as the O-linked modification, and glucose was inferred by 13C labeling to be the hexose at several of the glycosylation sites. This is the first study to conclusively identify sites of protein glycosylation in any of the mollicutes.

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Biological Analysis of the Microbial Metabolism of Hetero-Oligosaccharides in Application to Glycotechnology

Cited by 12 publications

References 104 publications

Direct Evidence for the Presence of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Circulation of Breastfed Infants

Direct Evidence for the Presence of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in the Circulation of Breastfed Infants

Rhamnose biosynthesis in mycoplasmas requires precursor glycans larger than monosaccharide

O‐linked protein glycosylation in mycoplasma

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