Biological activity and chemical composition of organic extracts from three Guatemalan mangrove trees

Abstract

Introduction: Mangroves are trees or shrubs that are able to grow in brackish water along tropical and subtropical coasts around the world, representing an important ecological conservation system. They have a long tradition of medicinal use and are rich in secondary metabolites. The aim of this research was to evaluate the biological activity and chemical composition of three mangrove species, Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus and Laguncularia racemose, from a natural reserve from Guatemala. Methods: Leaf, bark and root were organically extracted; secondary metabolites were identified by macro and semi-micro tests and TLC, and evaluated for flavonoid and tannin content. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, FRAP, TPC and ABTS methods, and antimicrobial activity against seven bacteria. By established protocols it was investigated the larvicidal activity against Anopheles and Aedes, cytotoxicity against Artemia salina and anti-tyrosinase activity by TLC. Results: The best yields were obtained with ethanol in leaves (5.43-26.65%); the highest essential oil yields also in leaves (0.02-0.13%), in both cases A. germinans. Main secondary metabolites were flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, saponins and alkaloids, except C. erectus leaf and bark and A. germinans root. The highest amount of chlorogenic acid was found in A. germinans bark (15.6%), the highest percentage of tannins in L. racemosa root (7.2%), the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH (IC 50 0.2-5.6 mg/mL) in C. erectus leaves, and FRAP (1.2-4.5 g Fe +2 /g of extract) and ABTS (IC50 0.2-11.6 mg/mL) in the bark. Antioxidant activity correlated with TPC, the highest amount in A. germinans bark (149.40-291.39 μg of gallic acid/g extract). None of the species showed larvicidal activity, nor cytotoxicity. Only L. racemosa root showed antibacterial activity against all strains (IC 50 0.62 mg/mL). The ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts exhibited mild anti-tyrosinase activity. Conclusion: Mangroves are a promising potential source of antioxidants and antibacterial compounds.

Allelopathic Potential of Mangroves from the Red River Estuary against the Rice Weed Echinochloa crus-galli and Variation in Their Leaf Metabolome

“…Biomarker M410T546 ( Figure S6 ) could be a monoterpene sulfate. The BPC major compound Ac M1 ( Figure S7 ) might be myricetin-3-glucoronid ( Figure S2a ), found in the leaves of mangrove Conocarpus erectus [ 42 ]. The BPC major compound Ac M2 ( Figure S8 ) could be a quercetin glucuronide already described in Laguncularia racemosa [ 43 ], while the BPC major compound Ac M3 ( Figure S9 ) could be kaempferol-3-glucoside, also known as astragalin ( Figure S2b ).…”

Genomic DNA extraction and phenolic content of salty and tannic plant material of two mangrove tree species from the mexican pacific coast

“…As a result, the antioxidant potential has been demonstrated in species like A. officinalis (fruit and leaf ), as well as the free radical scavenging capacity of A. marina (fruit and leaf ) in ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assays (Hrudayanath, 2016). Specifically for A. germinans, there is little information on its antioxidant capacity, such as the study conducted with three different mangrove species from a natural reserve in Guatemala, where it was found that leaf and root extracts of Avicennia germinans exhibited significant antioxidant activity after evaluation with DPPH, FRAP, TPC (Total Phenolic Compounds using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), and ABTS methods (Cruz, 2019) (Figure 2). Antioxidant agents reduce free radicals through electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer.…”

Sonneratia alba Extract Protects the Post Larvae of Tiger Shrimp Penaeus monodon against Vibrio harveyi and Saprolegnia sp.

“…attack, so the clinical symptoms percentage of S. alba extract was lower than the controls. The extract of mangroves have the potential as antifungal and antibacterial activity, as well as gastric antioxidants, and able to heal wounds [19]. weakened reflexes 5 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 40.00 10 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 10.00 15.00 15.00 40.00 decreased appetite 5 5.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 10.00 60.00 10 0.00 0.00 15.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 15.00 20.00 50.00 reddish body 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 15.00 30.00 10 0.00 0.00 20.00 5.00 5.00 15.00 5.00 15.00 20.00 20.00 50.00…”