Biologic Responses to Weight Loss and Weight Regain: Report From an American Diabetes Association Research Symposium

Leibel, Rudolph L.; Seeley, Randy J.; Darsow, Tamara; Berg, Erika Gebel; Smith, Steven R.; Ratner, Robert E.

doi:10.2337/db15-0004

Cited by 45 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…With accumulating evidence showing that low-carbohydrate diets (LCs) are an effective strategy for weight control and reduction [5,6], LCs have received more attention over the years. In addition to a change of diet, previous studies have illustrated benefits of being physically active among overweight and obese individuals [7,8]. Thus, regular exercise is frequently applied as an addition to diets to facilitate weight loss and improve health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Kong

Liu

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Low-carbohydrate diets (LCs) seem effective on weight reduction and maintenance. However, the affect and enjoyment of exercise during LCs is not clear. The purpose of the present study was to compare the psychological responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) during the consumption of a 4-week LC diet in overweight young women. With LCs (~10% carbohydrate, 65%-70% fat, 20%-25% protein), forty-three eligible women (age: 20.9 ± 3.1 years; body weight: 65.8 ± 8.2 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: HIIT (10 sets of 6 s all-out cycling interspersed with 9 s of rest), MICT (30 min cycling at 50%-60% of peak oxygen consumption,VO 2peak ) or no-exercise controls (CON). Anthropometric indices andVO 2peak were measured pre-and post-training. Feeling Scale (FS), Felt Arousal Scale (FAS), Exercise Enjoyment Scale (EES), and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) scores were collected before and immediately after each training session throughout the study. After intervention, all three groups reduced by more than 2.5 kg of body weight whereas both exercise groups improved~15%VO 2peak . Participants in the HIIT and MICT group exhibited similar affect points as indicated by FS and FAS. Post-exercise enjoyment scores in PACES were lower in HIIT (73-78 points) than MICT (83-87 points) despite similarly positive responses being observed in EES (corresponding to~4 points of a 7-point scale). Short-term LCs were effective in weight loss and exercise training had an additive improvement on cardiorespiratory fitness. The overweight young women had similar affect valence, arousal levels, and comparable pleasurable feelings to HIIT and MICT with LCs. Furthermore, as indicated by PACES, MICT was more enjoyable which may elicit better adherence, whereas HIIT with LCs seems to be more arduous despite its time-efficiency.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Kong

Liu

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…Studying these systems is clinically relevant, as the appetitive responses controlled by these neurons limit the efficacy of obesity treatments using self-governed hypocaloric diets and bariatric surgery34. Central nervous melanocortin system neurons in the hypothalamus and brainstem are focal points for internal cues of metabolic condition5.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanocortin-3 receptors expressed in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons are sufficient for controlling appetitive responses to hypocaloric conditioning

Girardet

Mavrikaki

Stevens

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Melanocortin-3 receptors (MC3R) have a contextual role in appetite control that is amplified with hypocaloric conditioning. C57BL/6J (B6) mice subjected to hypocaloric feeding schedules (HFS) exhibit compulsive behavioral responses involving food anticipatory activity (FAA) and caloric loading following food access. These homeostatic responses to calorie-poor environs are attenuated in B6 mice in which Mc3r transcription is suppressed by a lox-stop-lox sequence in the 5’UTR (Mc3rTB/TB). Here, we report that optimization of caloric loading in B6 mice subject to HFS, characterized by increased meal size and duration, is not observed in Mc3rTB/TB mice. Analysis of hypothalamic and neuroendocrine responses to HFS throughout the light-dark cycle suggests uncoupling of hypothalamic responses involving appetite-stimulating fasting-responsive hypothalamic neurons expressing agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (Npy). Rescuing Mc3rs expression in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons is sufficient to restore normal hypothalamic responses to negative energy balance. In addition, Mc3rs expressed in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons are also sufficient to restore FAA and caloric loading of B6 mice subjected to HFS. In summary, MC3Rs expressed in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons are sufficient to coordinate hypothalamic response and expression of compulsive behavioral responses involving meal anticipation and consumption of large meals during situations of prolonged negative energy balance.

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“…We are aware of the positive impact that increases in exercise and fitness can have on brain structure and function . However, typical weight management programs, the present investigation included, combine both diet and exercise in order to promote WL . Accordingly, we were unable to distinguish the influence of changes in exercise as compared with changes in diet on brain structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…A CONSORT diagram is available in Figure and baseline demographics and sample characteristics are included in Table . Participants were included in the study if they met the following inclusion criteria: age 21 to 55 years; BMI of <25 or ≥30.0 to 45.0 kg/m 2 ; able to safely complete an MRI; and received clearance for participation from their primary care physician. This study was approved by the Human Subjects Committees at the University of Kansas Medical Center.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voxel‐based morphometry reveals brain gray matter volume changes in successful dieters

Honea

Szabo-Reed

Lepping

et al. 2016

Obesity

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Objective To compare regional brain volume predictors of percent weight loss (WL) in dieters with obesity (DwO) and in the same participants categorized as “successful” (>7% WL) or “unsuccessful” dieters (<7% WL). Methods DwO (n=72) or healthy weight (HW) (n=22), and completed a structural MRI at baseline and 3-months. All DwO participants were enrolled in a 12-week program consisting of a reduced calorie diet, increased physical activity, and behavioral modification. We used SPM8-based voxel-based morphometry processing streams for measurements of regional gray (GMV) and white matter volume (WMV), and longitudinal changes in volume. We then tested for correlations between WL and baseline brain volume, change in brain volume, as well as differences between groups. Results We found that %WL was positively correlated with baseline GMV in right parahippocampal and orbitofrontal gyri in DwO. Successful dieters showed greater GMV loss in the left precentral gyrus and the insula compared with unsuccessful dieters. A negative correlation was found between %WL and GMV change from baseline in the left prefrontal regions. Conclusions Findings illustrate that WL is related to volumetric changes in brain areas previously linked to interoception and food motivation.

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Biologic Responses to Weight Loss and Weight Regain: Report From an American Diabetes Association Research Symposium

Cited by 45 publications

References 120 publications

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training with Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Overweight Young Women

Melanocortin-3 receptors expressed in Nkx2.1(+ve) neurons are sufficient for controlling appetitive responses to hypocaloric conditioning

Voxel‐based morphometry reveals brain gray matter volume changes in successful dieters

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