Bioinspired Heparin Nanosponge Prepared by Photo-crosslinking for Controlled Release of Growth Factors

Xiao

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

et al. 2022

Bone regeneration in large segmental defects depends on the action of osteoblasts and the ingrowth of new blood vessels. Therefore, it is important to promote the release of osteogenic/angiogenic growth factors. Since the discovery of heparin, its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer functions have been extensively studied for over a century. Although the application of heparin is widely used in the orthopedic field, its auxiliary effect on bone regeneration is yet to be unveiled. Specifically, approximately one-third of the transforming growth factor (TGF) superfamily is bound to heparin and heparan sulfate, among which TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are the most common growth factors used. In addition, heparin can also improve the delivery and retention of BMP-2 in vivo promoting the healing of large bone defects at hyper physiological doses. In blood vessel formation, heparin still plays an integral part of fracture healing by cooperating with the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Importantly, since heparin binds to growth factors and release components in nanomaterials, it can significantly facilitate the controlled release and retention of growth factors [such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), BMP, and PDGF] in vivo. Consequently, the knowledge of scaffolds or delivery systems composed of heparin and different biomaterials (including organic, inorganic, metal, and natural polymers) is vital for material-guided bone regeneration research. This study systematically reviews the structural properties and auxiliary functions of heparin, with an emphasis on bone regeneration and its application in biomaterials under physiological conditions.

Section: Application Of Heparin For Orthopedic Biomaterials Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Auxiliary Role of Heparin in Bone Regeneration and its Application in Bone Substitute Materials

Xiao

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

et al. 2022

“…A burst release of GF is often seen, losing most of the factors after just hours or a few days [175]. So, although the chemical functionalisation of growth factors is well known to reduce the inherent bioactivity [176][177][178][179], often due to steric hindrance or structural modulation, it has been suggested that covalently bound growth factors can achieve more significant osteogenic differentiation as compared to physically entrapped bioactives due to improved retention over longer periods [59,170,173,174,[179][180][181][182].…”

Section: Controlled Delivery Of Growth Factors and Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofabrication Strategies for Musculoskeletal Disorders: Evolution towards Clinical Applications

et al. 2021

Biofabrication has emerged as an attractive strategy to personalise medical care and provide new treatments for common organ damage or diseases. While it has made impactful headway in e.g., skin grafting, drug testing and cancer research purposes, its application to treat musculoskeletal tissue disorders in a clinical setting remains scarce. Albeit with several in vitro breakthroughs over the past decade, standard musculoskeletal treatments are still limited to palliative care or surgical interventions with limited long-term effects and biological functionality. To better understand this lack of translation, it is important to study connections between basic science challenges and developments with translational hurdles and evolving frameworks for this fully disruptive technology that is biofabrication. This review paper thus looks closely at the processing stage of biofabrication, specifically at the bioinks suitable for musculoskeletal tissue fabrication and their trends of usage. This includes underlying composite bioink strategies to address the shortfalls of sole biomaterials. We also review recent advances made to overcome long-standing challenges in the field of biofabrication, namely bioprinting of low-viscosity bioinks, controlled delivery of growth factors, and the fabrication of spatially graded biological and structural scaffolds to help biofabricate more clinically relevant constructs. We further explore the clinical application of biofabricated musculoskeletal structures, regulatory pathways, and challenges for clinical translation, while identifying the opportunities that currently lie closest to clinical translation. In this article, we consider the next era of biofabrication and the overarching challenges that need to be addressed to reach clinical relevance.

“…Various "nanosponges" based on organic/polymeric and inorganic materials been reported [52][53][54][55][56]. These have high volume expansions in addition to being porous [57]. Choi et al, searched for a chemically stable vehicle for the sustained release of various growth factors.…”

Section: Covalent Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heparin-Eluting Tissue-Engineered Bioabsorbable Vascular Grafts

et al. 2021

The creation of small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts using biodegradable materials has the potential to change the quality of cardiovascular surgery in the future. The implantation of these tissue-engineered arterial grafts has yet to reach clinical application. One of the reasons for this is thrombus occlusion of the graft in the acute phase. In this paper, we first describe the causes of accelerated thrombus formation and discuss the drugs that are thought to inhibit thrombus formation. We then review the latest research on methods to locally bind the anticoagulant heparin to biodegradable materials and methods to extend the duration of sustained heparin release. We also discuss the results of studies using large animal models and the challenges that need to be overcome for future clinical applications.