Bioinspired Composite Matrix Containing Hydroxyapatite–Silica Core–Shell Nanorods for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Development of multifunctional bioinspired scaffolds that can stimulate vascularization and regeneration is necessary for the application in bone tissue engineering. Herein, we report a composite matrix containing hydroxyapatite (HA)-silica core-shell nanorods with good biocompatibility, osteogenic differentiation, vascularization, and bone regeneration potential. The biomaterial consists of a crystalline, rod-shaped nanoHA core with uniform amorphous silica sheath (Si-nHA) that retains the characteristic phases of the individual components, confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nanorods were blended with gelatinous matrix to develop as a porous, composite scaffold. The viability and functionality of osteogenically induced mesenchymal stem cells as well as endothelial cells have been significantly improved through the incorporation of Si-nHA within the matrix. Studies in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane and rat models demonstrated that the silica-containing scaffolds not only exhibit good biocompatibility, but also enhance vascularization in comparison to the matrix devoid of silica. Finally, when tested in a critical-sized femoral segmental defect in rats, the nanocomposite scaffolds enhanced new bone formation in par with the biomaterial degradation. In conclusion, the newly developed composite biomimetic scaffold may perform as a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.

Cisplatin-Loaded Graphene Oxide/Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite Composite as a Promising Tool for Osteosarcoma-Affected Bone Regeneration

“…The broadened peak at around 23° indicates the extension of the amorphous nature. 30 , 31 In our case, together the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction may have contributed toward a reasonably ordered array of CS chains along the rigid template offered by GO, Figure 2 B,e–g. 29 The two characteristic peaks of CDDP were observed at 2θ about 15 and 20°, as shown in Figure 2 B,h.…”

“…After incorporation of the CS matrix into GO/HAP, the XRD pattern of the GO/HAP/CS nanocomposite shows only the CS diffraction peaks, and the peak of GO disappears from the diffraction pattern of GO/HAP/CS ( Figure 2 A), which clearly demonstrates the formation of GO sheets in the composite CS polymer matrix and the disappearance of the regular and periodic structure of graphene oxide. 30 It is noticed that incorporation of CS less than 30 wt % to GO/HAP slightly increases the intensity of the characteristic peaks of CS. However, the intensity of the characteristic peaks of CS obviously increases in the GO/HAP/CS composites, and characteristic peaks of CS at around (2θ) 8.4, 11.3, 18.2, and 23° can be clearly seen from Figure 2 B.…”

A review of biomaterials in bone defect healing, remaining shortcomings and future opportunities for bone tissue engineering

“…New strategies for enhanced biomaterials include bioinspired composite matrices, 94 biogenic hydroxyapatites 95 or biomimetic organoids, 96 . These indicate the development towards biomaterials that copy the naturally occurring tissues/conditions through our advanced understanding of the physiological mechanisms coupled with the highly developed techniques available today.…”

Evolving applications of the egg: chorioallantoic membrane assay andex vivoorganotypic culture of materials for bone tissue engineering

“…This is attractive, removing the safety risk of adverse effects from growth factors informing future issues with further in vivo applications. For example, nanohydroxyapatite rod cores surrounded by a silica sheath incorporated into a gelatin matrix were found to be angiogenic, 101 as hydroxyapatite is a native component of bone, and silicon has effects on bone formation and remodelling. 102 Hydroxyapatite-based scaffolds were tested by Tomco et al 103 in the CAM and a pig mandibular defect model with the bone marrow stromal cell seeded-scaffold replaced by bone in 9 weeks, although it appeared that the study lacked a ‘no-scaffold’ control to compare normal bone healing rate and morphology in this anatomical region potentially limiting interpretation.…”