Biogas Reforming to Syngas: A Review

Abstract

Interest in novel uses of biogas has increased recently due to concerns about climate change and greater emphasis on renewable energy sources. Although biogas is frequently used in low-value applications such as heating and fuel in engines or even just flared, reforming is an emerging strategy for converting biogas to syngas, which could then be used to obtain high-value-added liquid fuels and chemicals. Interest also exists due to the role of dry, bi-, and tri-reforming in the capture and utilization of CO 2 . New research efforts have explored efficient and effective reforming catalysts, as specifically applied to biogas. In this paper, we review recent developments in dry, bi-, and tri-reforming, where the CO 2 in biogas is used as an oxidant/ partial oxidant. The synthesis, characterization, lifetime, deactivation, and regeneration of candidate reforming catalysts are discussed in detail. The thermodynamic limitation and techno-economics of biogas conversion are also discussed.

Tuning Metal–Support Interactions on Ni/Al2O3 Catalysts to Improve Catalytic Activity and Stability for Dry Reforming of Methane

“…The CH 4 and CO 2 conversions monotonically increase as a function of reaction temperature for all the catalysts, these are agreed well with the endothermic nature of the dry reforming of methane reaction (Equation ( 1)). The CH 4 conversion is lower compared to the CO 2 conversion, which is due to the simultaneous occurrence of a reverse water gas shift reaction (Equation ( 2)) [10,11,20]…”

“…As an abundant alternative to petroleum and coal, natural gas and biogas that are rich in CH 4 have become the main energy resources [5][6][7][8]. Therefore, the dry reforming of methane (Equation (1)), which can simultaneously utilize methane and carbon dioxide, is significant to alleviate the energy crisis and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [9][10][11]. Compared with the partial oxidation and steam reforming of methane, dry reforming of methane is industrially advantageous due to the syngas with a low H 2 /CO molar ratio of nearly 1, which is more appropriate for the synthesis of hydrocarbons with long-chain through the Fischer-Tropsch reaction [12][13][14][15].…”

Biogas Conversion to Syngas Using Advanced Ni-Promoted Pyrochlore Catalysts: Effect of the CH4/CO2 Ratio

“…Syngas is known to be a primary feedstock to synthesize fuels and chemicals such as methanol, DME, as well as longchained hydrocarbons via the Fischer-Tropsch process (Santos and Alencar, 2020;Zhao et al, 2020). Additionally, it has been suggested as a feed gas to high temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) for electricity generation (Lanzini and Leone, 2010;Shiratori et al, 2010).…”

Production of Gasolines and Monocyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: From Fossil Raw Materials to Green Processes

“…It typically constitutes a mixture of CH 4 (~60%) and CO 2 (~40%) with a number of impurities including H 2 S, ammonia, siloxanes, etc. After cleaning, most commonly realized using activated carbon adsorption [135], syngas may be produced by the dry reforming reaction: CH 4 + CO 2 = 2 CO + 2 H 2 realized over metal catalysts at 700-900 • C [136] coupled together with steam reforming of the excess methane [137]. The resulting syngas has a H 2 /CO x ratio not far from 2:1 and is suitable for the production of methanol [138].…”