Biofunctionalized Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging Applications

Abstract

Multimodal, molecular imaging allows the visualization of biological processes at cellular, subcellular, and molecular-level resolutions using multiple, complementary imaging techniques. These imaging agents facilitate the real-time assessment of pathways and mechanisms in vivo, which enhance both diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy. This article presents the protocol for the synthesis of biofunctionalized Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs)--a novel class of agents for use in multimodal, molecular imaging applications. The imaging modalities incorporated in the nanoparticles, fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have complementary features. The PB NPs possess a core-shell design where gadolinium and manganese ions incorporated within the interstitial spaces of the PB lattice generate MRI contrast, both in T1 and T2-weighted sequences. The PB NPs are coated with fluorescent avidin using electrostatic self-assembly, which enables fluorescence imaging. The avidin-coated nanoparticles are modified with biotinylated ligands that confer molecular targeting capabilities to the nanoparticles. The stability and toxicity of the nanoparticles are measured, as well as their MRI relaxivities. The multimodal, molecular imaging capabilities of these biofunctionalized PB NPs are then demonstrated by using them for fluorescence imaging and molecular MRI in vitro.

Photothermal Therapy Generates a Thermal Window of Immunogenic Cell Death in Neuroblastoma

“…PBNP Synthesis : PBNPs were synthesized using a scheme as described previously . Briefly, an aqueous solution of 6.8 mg FeCl 3 ·6H 2 O (2.5 × 10 −5 mol) in 5 mL of Milli‐Q water was added under vigorous stirring to an aqueous solution containing 10.6 mg of K 4 Fe(CN) 6 ·3H 2 O (2.5 × 10 −5 mol) in 5 mL of Milli‐Q water.…”

Composite iron oxide–Prussian blue nanoparticles for magnetically guided T₁-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors

“…The size (hydrodynamic diameter) and charge (zeta potential) distributions of the Fe 3 O 4 @GdPB nanoparticles were compared with both Fe 3 O 4 and GdPB nanoparticles (previously synthesized by us) 32,33 using dynamic light scattering on a Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Multiday stability of the Fe 3 O 4 @GdPB nanoparticles in ultrapure water was assessed by measuring their hydrodynamic size distributions every 24 hours over 5 days using dynamic light scattering.…”

Conjugating Prussian Blue Nanoparticles Onto antigen-specific T Cells As a Combined Nanoimmunotherapy

“…PBNPs were synthesized in ultrapure water at room temperature using a one-pot synthesis scheme, as previously described [13][14][15]18]. The resultant PBNPs were coated with filtered nonfluorescent-or AlexaFluor 488-conjugated avidin at a ratio of 0.1 mg avidin per 1 mg PBNPs via electrostatic self-assembly [13,15,19].…”

“…As a nanoparticle, PBNPs offer several advantages: they are easily synthesized in a single, scalable step at low costs. We have previously demonstrated the successful use of PBNPs for PTT of tumors in vivo [12] future science group Preliminary Communication Burga, Patel, Bollard, Cruz & Fernandes and as multimodal imaging agents for in vitro [13,14] and in vivo [15] settings. The CTL possess the ability to traffic to and destroy EBV antigen-expressing target cells including EBV-infected B cells and EBV-positive cancer cells [16,17].…”