Biofuel production from thermocatalytic processing of vegetable oils: a review

Abstract

With the worsening environmental problems caused by the greenhouse effect, the study of fuel alternatives generated by non-fossil sources has intensifi ed. The incorporation of biodiesel (mono-ester of triglycerides) to petroleum diesel is an example of commercial application for reduction in the emission of fossil CO 2 and sOx and nOx as well. in this context, the generation of mixture of hydrocarbons for catalytic cracking of vegetable oils combines the advantages of the Transesterifi cation process to generate compounds such as petroleum-derived fuels such as: gasoline, kerosene and diesel. This review presents current trends in scientifi c literature for biofuels from thermal (pyrolysis) and catalytic processing. For the pyrolysis it has been described the temperatures use to obtain the fuel in the diesel range. the catalytic processing involves the heterogeneous catalysts used in the processing crude oil and the conditions of temperature and pressure. in conclusion it is showed that the cracking catalytic process allows chose what fuel does one want simply changing the catalytic that is used.Keywords: Biofuels, Pyrolysis, Hydroprocessing, vegetable oils. Producción de biocombustibles por medio de los procesos termocatalíticos de aceites vegetales: una reseña resuMenCon el empeoramiento de los problemas ambientales causados por el efecto invernadero, el estudio de combustibles alternativos generados por fuentes so fósiles ha sido intensifi cado. La incorporación de biodiesel (mono-éster de triglicéridos) a diesel de petróleo es un ejemplo de una aplicación comercial para la reducción en la emisión de CO2 fósil, sOx al igual que nOx. en este contexto, la generación de mezclas de hidrocarburos para craqueo catalítico de aceites vegetales combina las ventajas de los procesos de Transesterifi cación para generar componentes como los combustibles derivados del petróleo, como: gasolina, kerosene y diesel. esta reseña presenta las tendencias actuales en la literatura científi ca para procesos térmicos (pirolisis) y catalíticos en los biocombustibles. Para la pirolisis se han descrito las temperaturas usadas para obtener el combustible en los rangos de diesel. Los procesos catalíticos implican los catalizadores heterogéneos usados en el procesamiento del crudo y las condiciones de presión y temperatura. en conclusión se muestra que el proceso de craqueo catalítico permite elegir que combustible puede buscarse simplemente cambiando la catálisis que es usada.

Synthesis, characterization, and application of ZnO/ZSM-5 as catalyst in the cracking process of palm methyl esters

“…Biogasoline production has begun to be widely studied and is very appropriate as a solution to find an alternative to gasoline fuel (the result of petroleum fractionation). In general, the cracking process with a catalyst or without a catalyst is used to make biogasoline and the process takes place at high temperatures and pressures [1,2]. Based on several studies on biogasoline reported in the reviews of Zandonai [2] and Xu [3], it turned out that the cracking process with a catalyst showed more effective results than without a catalyst.…”

“…In general, the cracking process with a catalyst or without a catalyst is used to make biogasoline and the process takes place at high temperatures and pressures [1,2]. Based on several studies on biogasoline reported in the reviews of Zandonai [2] and Xu [3], it turned out that the cracking process with a catalyst showed more effective results than without a catalyst. A catalyst can accelerate the reaction time, reduce the reaction temperature, and make a selective process for the desired reaction.…”

(Co/Zn) Al2O4 nano catalyst for waste cooking oil catalytic cracking

“…In 2011, the scientist (Tiwari) reported that bio-gasoline is produced using (NiMO/Zeolite) at temperatures ranging from 300 to 320 °C in a batch reactor for 1 to 2 h, because Zeolite stimulates the production of a large amount of gasoline from palm oil due to its superior ability in cracking reactions 20 .…”

“…In other investigations, the goal has been to produce liquid organic products containing hydrocarbons in the gasoline range 18 , 19 , as well as hydrocarbons in the aviation kerosene range, and in certain cases, hydrocarbons in the diesel range 18 – 20 .…”

“…While, isomerization and cracking of C–C bonds occur in slightly larger molecules in order to produce hydrocarbons in the boiling range of gasoline and diesel. An elevated temperature as well as pressure of hydrogen is used in this treatment to reduce the reactions of the condensation chain polymerization, leading to the formation of coke 20 – 22 .…”