Biofuel and Biorefinery Technologies

Abstract

The global demand for energy is expected to rise up to 59% by the year 2035. This is due to the increasing technology developments and contemporary industrialization. Continues trends of these simultaneously will affects the crude fossil oil reserves progressively. Therefore, biofuels that are predominantly produced from the biomass based feedstocks such as plant, algae material and animal waste. Liquid or gaseous biofuels are the most simple to ship, deliver, and burn since they are easier to transport, deliver, and burn cleanly. The key contributor to the elevated green house gaseous concentration is carbon dioxide (CO2). Two-thirds of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions are due to fossil fuel combustion, with the remaining third attributed to land-use changes. Interestingly, recent literature has announced that the utilization of liquid biofuels capable of reducing the CO and CO2 emissions. Other positive impacts of the liquid biofuels are; (1) reduce the external energy dependence, (2) promote the regional engineering, (3) increase the Research & Development activities, (4) reduce the environmental effects of electricity generation and transformation, (5) improve the quality of services for rural residents and (6) provide job opportunities.

Comparative Analysis of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesels from Animal Fats and Vegetable Oils as Fuel for Common Rail Engines

“…Furthermore, experimental investigations into the exhaust emission characteristics of a gardener CI engine fueled by rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and fossil diesel under lean equivalence ratios have been conducted, shedding light on the potential of biofuels to reduce emissions [29]. The utilization of liquid biofuels is capable of reducing CO and CO 2 emissions [30]. First-generation biofuels, made from sugar crops, starch crops, oilseed crops, and animal fats, have the potential to reduce exhaust emissions [31].…”