Biofilms in pediatric respiratory and related infections

Abstract

Bacteria can grow as free-floating, planktonic bacteria or complex communities called biofilms. Biofilms promote bacterial growth and diversity and offer bacteria unique environments, including aerobic and anaerobic layers, that facilitate resistance to antimicrobial therapies. Respiratory and related structures provide ideal environments for the development of bacterial biofilms, which predispose patients to recurrent and chronic infections. Biofilms are important for the persistence of chronic rhinosinusitis, pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis, chronic otitis media, and device-related infections. Antimicrobial therapy that is proven effective against planktonic bacteria is often insufficiently effective against the defenses of biofilms. Furthermore, biofilms modify themselves following exposure to antimicrobial therapy, thus developing increased resistance. Understanding the nature of biofilms in common pediatric infections is essential to comprehending the expected course of bacterial illness and identifying treatments that are most likely to be beneficial against more resistant biofilms.

Emerging knowledge of regulatory roles of d-amino acids in bacteria

“…Biofilms are prevalent both in natural environments and in industrial and hospital settings [99–105]. Bacterial infections associated with biofilms adherent to medical devices, such as intravascular catheters, are extremely difficult to eradicate, as the extracellular matrices protect biofilm-associated bacteria from antimicrobials and the host immune system.…”

Evidence-Based Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children

“…В настоящее время известно, что дыхательные пути и легкие в том числе не являются стерильными. Представлены данные о микробиоме легких в норме и при развитии некоторых ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ПЕДИАТРИИ /2016/ ТОМ 15/ № 6 заболеваний [5]. Микробиом любых локусов определя-ется поступлением, элиминацией разнообразных пато-генов и способностью их к размножению.…”

“…Микробиом любых локусов определя-ется поступлением, элиминацией разнообразных пато-генов и способностью их к размножению. Поступающий при дыхании воздух содержит колоссальное количество разнообразных бактерий, вирусов, грибов [5], бакте-рии попадают в дыхательные пути при микроаспирации [6][7][8]. Удаление возбудителей из дыхательных путей обе-спечивается мукоцилиарным транспортом при участии иммунной системы [9].…”

Nasal cytology: the “infectious spot”, an expression of a morphological-chromatic biofilm

“…Most of studies on biofilms currently available are aimed to understanding either the mechanisms of drug resistance systems [22][23][24] in order to prevent contamination of medical devices (cochlear implants, cardiac valves, venous catheters, urinary catheters, contact lens, intrauterine devices, etc.) [25][26][27] or the pathophysiological mechanisms of major diseases (endocarditis, cystic fibrosis, chronic rhinosinusitis, otitis media, etc) [28][29][30][31]. This study describes ,for the first time, the significance of "morphological-chromatic" entities found during nasal cytology in patients with rhinological disorders.…”