Biofilm Growth Has a Threshold Response to Glucose in Vitro

Waldrop, Robert; McLaren, A. C.; Calara, Francis; McLemore, Ryan

doi:10.1007/s11999-014-3538-5

Cited by 66 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However, in this situation water became a limiting factor due to the high sugar concentration in the surrounding media. These data are similar to previous findings of a number of researchers [23][24][25]. Both sugars are known to promote the production of a floccular, fibrillar layer, especially in C. albicans, which is thought to mediate adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation [26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Effect of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

Weerasekera¹,

Jayarathna²,

Wijesinghe³

et al. 2017

Med Princ Pract

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Objective: To determine the effect of glucose, sucrose, and saccharin on growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Materials and Methods: The growth rates of mono-cultures of planktonic C. albicans and C. tropicalis and 1:1 mixed co-cultures were determined in yeast nitrogen broth supplemented with 5% (30 mM) and 10% (60 mM) glucose, sucrose, and saccharin, using optical density measurements at 2-h intervals over a 14-h period. Adhesion and biofilm growth were performed and the growth quantified using a standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The biofilm architecture was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. One- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to analyse the differences among multiple means. Results: The highest planktonic growth was noted in 5% glucose after 14 h (p < 0.05). No significant planktonic growth was observed in either concentration of saccharin. Both the concentrations of glucose and sucrose elicited significantly increased adhesion from MTT activity of 0.017 to >0.019 in mono- as well as co-cultures (p < 0.05), whilst the lower concentration of saccharin significantly dampened the adhesion. Maximal biofilm growth was observed in both species with the lower concentration of sucrose (5%), although a similar concentration of saccharin abrogated biofilm development: the highest MTT value (>0.35) was obtained for glucose and the lowest (>0.15) for saccharin. Conclusion: In this study, glucose and sucrose accelerated the growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of Candida species. However, the non-nutritive sweetener saccharin appeared to dampen, and in some instances suppress, these virulent attributes of Candida.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Effect of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

Weerasekera¹,

Jayarathna²,

Wijesinghe³

et al. 2017

Med Princ Pract

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“…Significance symbols for the qRT-PCR data of expression of genes in bile salts compared to the expression of genes in media without bile salts: ***, P Ͻ 0.0001; *, P Ͻ 0.05; n.s., not significant. biofilm formation, particularly for EPS production, has been documented for many pathogens, including Vibrio (51, 52), Listeria (53), Pseudomonas (54), Acinetobacter (55), and Staphylococcus (56). To further highlight the importance of glucose in biofilm formation, the RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that the ptsG gene, encoding the glucose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransfer system (PTS) IIBC components, was induced in S. flexneri 2457T in the presence of bile salts as seen with Vibrio biofilms (51, 52).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Shigella flexneri Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Transcriptional Profile in Response to Bile Salts

et al. 2017

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The Shigella species cause millions of cases of watery or bloody diarrhea each year, mostly in children in developing countries. While many aspects of Shigella colonic cell invasion are known, crucial gaps in knowledge regarding how the bacteria survive, transit, and regulate gene expression prior to infection remain. In this study, we define mechanisms of resistance to bile salts and build on previous research highlighting induced virulence in Shigella flexneri strain 2457T following exposure to bile salts. Typical growth patterns were observed within the physiological range of bile salts; however, growth was inhibited at higher concentrations. Interestingly, extended periods of exposure to bile salts led to biofilm formation, a conserved phenotype that we observed among members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Characterization of S. flexneri 2457T biofilms determined that both bile salts and glucose were required for formation, dispersion was dependent upon bile salts depletion, and recovered bacteria displayed induced adherence to HT-29 cells. RNAsequencing analysis verified an important bile salt transcriptional profile in S. flexneri 2457T, including induced drug resistance and virulence gene expression. Finally, functional mutagenesis identified the importance of the AcrAB efflux pump and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis for bile salt resistance. Our data demonstrate that S. flexneri 2457T employs multiple mechanisms to survive exposure to bile salts, which may have important implications for multidrug resistance. Furthermore, our work confirms that bile salts are important physiological signals to activate S. flexneri 2457T virulence. This work provides insights into how exposure to bile likely regulates Shigella survival and virulence during host transit and subsequent colonic infection.

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“…Even glucose concentrations may impact biofi lm formation, potentially infl uencing infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. For example, it has recently been demonstrated that biofi lm biomass was increased at higher glucose concentrations for both S. epidermidis and S. aureus with a threshold response at 0-20 and 160-200 mg/dL for S. epidermidis and 200-240 mg/dL for S. aureus (Waldrop et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Infl Uence Of Host Factors On Biofi Lm Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm Formation by Clinical Isolates and Its Relevance to Clinical Infections

Akers

Cardile

Wenke

et al. 2014

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Reports of biofilms have increased exponentially in the scientific literature over the past two decades, yet the vast majority of these are basic science investigations with limited clinical relevance. Biofilm studies involving clinical isolates are most often surveys of isolate collections, but suffer from lack of standardization in methodologies for producing and assessing biofilms. In contrast, more informative clinical studies correlating biofilm formation to patient data have infrequently been reported. In this chapter, biofilm surveys of clinical isolates of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, mycobacteria, and Candida are reviewed, as well as those pertaining to the unique situation of cystic fibrosis. In addition, the influence of host components on in vitro biofilm formation, as well as published studies documenting the clinical impact of biofilms in human infections, are presented.

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Biofilm Growth Has a Threshold Response to Glucose in Vitro

Abstract: Postoperative hyperglycemia may increase the risk for implant infection through increased pathogenicity of intraoperative wound contaminants in addition to compromising host immune status.

Cited by 66 publications

References 19 publications

The Effect of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

The Effect of Nutritive and Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on the Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis

Analysis of Shigella flexneri Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Transcriptional Profile in Response to Bile Salts

Biofilm Formation by Clinical Isolates and Its Relevance to Clinical Infections

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