Biofilm Formation by Clinical Isolates and Its Relevance to Clinical Infections

Akers, Kevin S.; Cardile, Anthony P.; Wenke, Joseph C.; Murray, Clinton K.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11038-7_1

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 171 publications

(170 reference statements)

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“…As SEM depicted the adhesion of P. zopfii to the host cells which is the most important step in the infection process followed by colonization of the pathogen within the host cells. This is in agreement with previous studies (Melchior et al, 2006; Akers et al, 2015), which explored the adhesion and biofilm formation of P. zopfii associated with mastitis. Here, we comprehensively studied, for very first time, the pathomorphological and ultrastructure features of apoptosis in bMECs infected with P. zopfii genotype-II.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prototheca zopfii Induced Ultrastructural Features Associated with Apoptosis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Shahid

Wang

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Prototheca zopfii infections are becoming global concerns in humans and animals. Bovine protothecal mastitis is characterized by deteriorating milk quality and quantity, thus imparting huge economic losses to dairy industry. Previous published studies mostly focused on the prevalence and characterization of P. zopfii from mastitis. However, the ultrastructural pathomorphological changes associated with apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) are not studied yet. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the in vitro comparative apoptotic potential of P. zopfii genotype-I and -II on bMECs using flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed fast growth rate and higher adhesion capability of genotype-II in bMECs as compared with genotype-I. The viability of bMECs infected with P. zopfii genotype-II was significantly decreased after 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) in comparison with control cells. Contrary, genotype-I couldn't show any significant effects on cell viability. Moreover, after infection of bMECs with genotype-II, the apoptosis increased significantly at 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) as compared with control group. Genotype-I couldn't display any significant effects on cell apoptosis. The host specificity of P. zopfii was also tested in mouse osteoblast cells, and the results suggest that genotype-I and -II could not cause any significant apoptosis in these cell lines. SEM interpreted the pathomorphological alterations in bMECs after infection. Adhesion of P. zopfii with cells and further disruption of cytomembrane validated the apoptosis caused by genotype-II under SEM. While genotype-1 couldn't cause any significant apoptosis in bMECs. Furthermore, genotype-II induced apoptotic manifested specific ultrastructure features, like cytoplasmic cavitation, swollen mitochondria, pyknosis, cytomembrane disruption, and appearance of apoptotic bodies under TEM. The findings of the current study revealed that genotype-II has the capability to invade and survive within the bMECs, thus imparting significant damages to the mammary cells which result in apoptosis. This study represents the first insights into the pathomorphological and ultrastructure features of apoptosis in bMECs induced by P. zopfii genotype-II.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prototheca zopfii Induced Ultrastructural Features Associated with Apoptosis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Shahid

Wang

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Supporting evidence can be inferred from several lines of research in other disease models and from in vitro studies: For example, C. albicans cell wall components induce production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF‐alpha, in mononuclear cells. In addition, C. albicans is able to suppress phagocytosis and to evade the host immune response, in addition to formation of drug‐resistant biofilm . In line with these observations in vitro, several studies in ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) patients admitted to ICU, found increased levels of systemic inflammatory markers, greater mortality and increased incidence of multi‐drug resistant bacteria in patients with Candida airway colonization …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Association of chronic Candida albicans respiratory infection with a more severe lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis

Gileles‐Hillel

Shoseyov

Polacheck

et al. 2015

Pediatric Pulmonology

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“…Many studies have characterized patient isolates, collected at one time point, which can be used to compare results of in vitro evolution experiments with isolated strains (Hogardt and Heesemann 2010 ; Akers et al . 2015 ). These studies however lack the ability to follow evolutionary dynamics.…”

Section: Models To Study Evolution In Biofilmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evolution in biofilm populations

Steenackers

Parijs

Foster

et al. 2016

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

133

123

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Biofilms are a major form of microbial life in which cells form dense surface associated communities that can persist for many generations. The long-life of biofilm communities means that they can be strongly shaped by evolutionary processes. Here, we review the experimental study of evolution in biofilm communities. We first provide an overview of the different experimental models used to study biofilm evolution and their associated advantages and disadvantages. We then illustrate the vast amount of diversification observed during biofilm evolution, and we discuss (i) potential ecological and evolutionary processes behind the observed diversification, (ii) recent insights into the genetics of adaptive diversification, (iii) the striking degree of parallelism between evolution experiments and real-life biofilms and (iv) potential consequences of diversification. In the second part, we discuss the insights provided by evolution experiments in how biofilm growth and structure can promote cooperative phenotypes. Overall, our analysis points to an important role of biofilm diversification and cooperation in bacterial survival and productivity. Deeper understanding of both processes is of key importance to design improved antimicrobial strategies and diagnostic techniques.

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Biofilm Formation by Clinical Isolates and Its Relevance to Clinical Infections

Cited by 17 publications

References 171 publications

Prototheca zopfii Induced Ultrastructural Features Associated with Apoptosis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Prototheca zopfii Induced Ultrastructural Features Associated with Apoptosis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Association of chronic Candida albicans respiratory infection with a more severe lung disease in patients with cystic fibrosis

Experimental evolution in biofilm populations

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