Biofilm Associated Microorganisms on Removable Oral Orthodontic Appliances in Children in the Mixed Dentition

Abstract

Objective: Biofilms on removable orthodontic appliances act as reservoir of microorganisms, capable of modifying the environmental condition of oral cavity and are difficult to be removed with routine hygiene measures. The present investigation includes enumeration, identification and numerical analysis of different types of cultivable bacteria associated with the biofilms on removable orthodontic appliances. Study design: Removable appliances of 25 healthy children among the ages of 10 to 14 years were taken to measure the prevalence of biofilms and type of microorganisms. For isolation of microorganism from biofilms different types of selective and non-selective medium based on standard methods were used. The data were further analysed by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The percentage frequencies of isolates were also calculated. Results : The survey revealed the presence of both multi-species and mono species biofilms on appliances, with Non-Streptococci, anaerobic bacteria, Streptococcus spp., members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus spp. as a dominant microbial flora of biofilms. Bacilllus sp. and Candida sp. were isolated from one sample each. Significant positive and negative correlations were established among the species isolated from biofilms. Conclusion Higher prevalence of the members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were reported during this study, advocating an extra hygienic measure is essential for this age group while wearing acrylic orthodontic appliances in oral cavity.

Evaluation of Fluoride release from orthodontic acrylic resin by using two different polymerizations techniques: An InVitro Study

“…Metal discs with 10 mm diameter and 1 mm thickness, for making acrylic samples. 12,25 Figure 1: Distribution of the samples in the study groups. Preparing the powder and liquid.…”

“…(Snijders-Holland) for 30 minutes. 2 Immediately after all the proportions are ready and dissolving NaF in the prepared liquid, acrylic (powder) was mixed with prepared liquid to decrease the possibility of particle aggregation and phase separation 25 . Sodium fluoride powder NaF will be weighed by Electronic balance and added to the monomer 2 .…”

Implementation of Recent Infection Prevention Procedures Published by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Difficulties and Problems in Orthodontic Offices

“…Terminal disinfection using a hydrogen peroxidebased, no-touch procedure based is very convenient and safe for use in an OF (34). Modifying removable orthodontic appliances, using rotary instruments, at the side of the dental chair should be avoided because acrylic baseplates are always contaminated by mutant Streptococci colonies/biofilms after one week's use by children (3,35,36). Moreover, the niches of crazing or thinned-out areas on acrylic plates can favour the growth of various microbial species (including MRSA), and the formation of biofilm.…”

Antimicrobial activity of a quaternary ammonium methacryloxy silicate-containing acrylic resin: a randomised clinical trial

“…Most removable retainers are constructed of polymethyl methacrylates (PMMA), which are held by metal clasps around the posterior teeth. Because removable retainers are worn in a moist intraoral environment with fluctuating pH for at least one year 5 , bacteria and fungi may accumulate on or within the retainers in the form of multi-species plaque biofilms that act as reservoirs of these microorganisms 6 7 8 . This may result in increased incidence of proximal dental caries 9 or oral candidiasis 10 .…”