Biofabricated Palladium Nanoparticle-Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Using thePunica granatum(Pomegranate) Peel Extract: Investigation of Potent In Vivo Hepatoprotective Activity against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Albino Rats

Abstract

Acute acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity is a predominant clinical problem, which causes serious liver injury in both humans and experimental animals. This study presents the histological and biochemical factor and antioxidant enzyme level changes induced by an acute acetaminophen overdose in Wistar albino rat livers to elucidate the effective hepatoprotective potential of biofabricated palladium nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (rGO/PdNPs-NC) compared to silymarin. After detailed characterization of the hepatoprotective potential of the synthesized rGO/PdNPs-NC, the rats were divided into eight groups (n = 6): control group (normal saline, 1 mL/kg b.w.), silymarin, Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract, PdNPs, reduced graphene oxide (rGO-PG), and reduced graphene oxide palladium nanocomposites (rGO/PdNPs-NC, low and high doses) for 7 successive days. The acetaminophen (APAP)-treated group was administered a single dose of acetaminophen (2 g/kg b.w.) on the 8th day. The histopathological results showed that the acetaminophen overdose group exhibited massive intrahepatic hemorrhagic necrosis around the centrilobular region with hepatocytes with vacuolization and swollen cytoplasm found in the liver architecture. This hepatopotential was further assessed by various biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, ALB, ALP, LDH, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, and total protein. Also, the antioxidant parameters such as SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH, GRD, and GST were assayed. Rats of groups 7 and 8 showed a significant decrease in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, direct bilirubin, and total bilirubin (p < 0.001), while a significant increase in the final total protein and ALB as compared to group 2 rats (p < 0.001) was observed. The antioxidant parameters exhibited that rats of groups 7 and 8 showed a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the level of SOD, CAT, GSH, GRD, and GST without affecting the MDA as compared to group 2 rats. Also, the hepatoprotective potential of rGO/PdNPs-NC (low and high doses) was comparable to that of the standard reference drug silymarin. The present study reveals that the rGO/PdNPs-NC possesses significant hepatoprotective activity and acts as an effective and promising curative agent against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

Protective Effect of Jamun (Syzygium cumini) Seed and Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel Extracts Against Lead-Induced Alteration in Liver Biomarkers of Rats

“…Serum albumin levels significantly decreased after treatment of lead to rats (group B) at 7 day and 14 day. The present observation derives support from the earlier studies by other investigators who have also recorded similar results after treatment with toxicants---Cadmium (Noor et al, 2022); Arsenic (Shankar et al, 2023) and Acetaminophen (Kadiyala et al, 2023). The combined treatment of lead and JSE (group C) or OPE (group D) to rats caused increased serum albumin levels as compared to rats treated with lead only.…”

“…Abbas et al (2016) have also noticed increased albumin levels in mice after treatment with jamun pulp extract against chromium induced hepatotoxicity In present study, serum ALP levels of rats were increased after treatment with Pb at 7 day and 14 day. Similar observations have also been noticed by other investigators after treatment with various toxicants in rats--Cadmium (Noor et al, 2022); Acetaminophen (Kadiyala et al, 2023); Arsenic (Shankar et al, 2023) and Paraquat (Okolonkwo et al, 2023). When lead was given in combination with JSE and OPE, the serum ALP levels progressively decreased from 7 day to 14 day (as compared with group B).…”

“…In this study, increased serum bilirubin levels were recorded in Pb treated rats (group B) from day 7 to day 14. In past, few workers have also reported increased serum bilirubin levels in rats after exposure to several toxicants/drugs ---Arsenic (Shankar et al, 2023); Paracetamol (Senthilkumar et al, 2014); Cadmium (Noor et al, 2022); Carbon tetrachloride (Bhutale and Jat, 2023) and Acetaminophen (Kadiyala et al, 2023). In rats treated with lead and jamun seed extract (group C) or orange peel extract (group D) there was a decrease in serum bilirubin levels from 7 day to 14 day as compared to group B.…”

“…In this study, significant increase in serum LDH levels was noticed after treatment with lead in rats (group B) at 7 day and 14 day as compared to control. In past, increase in serum LDH levels have been reported after treatment with various toxicants---Acetaminophen (Kadiyala et al, 2023) andMethyl Parathion (Dere et al, 2021). Serum LDH levels were progressively decreased after treatment with combined dose of lead and JSE or OPE from day 7 to day 14 as compared to group B.…”