“…With the genetic engineering of the microorganisms, the EET efficiency can be improved [212][213][214]. Advances in synthetic biology allow the rational design of non-natural functions in order to increase the diversity of products obtainable from microbial electrosynthesis [215]. For instance, by engineering genes for an ATP-dependent citrate lyase into Geobacter sulfurreducens, the microorganism is able to fix CO 2 through a reverse TCA cycle using an electrode as electron donor [216].…”
Transmembrane proteins involved in metabolic redox reactions and photosynthesis catalyse a plethora of key energy-conversion processes and are thus of great interest for bioelectrocatalysis-based applications. The development of membrane protein modified electrodes has made it possible to efficiently exchange electrons between proteins and electrodes, allowing mechanistic studies and potentially applications in biofuels generation and energy conversion. Here, we summarise the most common electrode modification and their characterisation techniques for membrane proteins involved in biofuels conversion and semi-artificial photosynthesis. We discuss the challenges of applications of membrane protein modified electrodes for bioelectrocatalysis and comment on emerging methods and future directions, including recent advances in membrane protein reconstitution strategies and the development of microbial electrosynthesis and whole-cell semi-artificial photosynthesis.
“…With the genetic engineering of the microorganisms, the EET efficiency can be improved [212][213][214]. Advances in synthetic biology allow the rational design of non-natural functions in order to increase the diversity of products obtainable from microbial electrosynthesis [215]. For instance, by engineering genes for an ATP-dependent citrate lyase into Geobacter sulfurreducens, the microorganism is able to fix CO 2 through a reverse TCA cycle using an electrode as electron donor [216].…”
Transmembrane proteins involved in metabolic redox reactions and photosynthesis catalyse a plethora of key energy-conversion processes and are thus of great interest for bioelectrocatalysis-based applications. The development of membrane protein modified electrodes has made it possible to efficiently exchange electrons between proteins and electrodes, allowing mechanistic studies and potentially applications in biofuels generation and energy conversion. Here, we summarise the most common electrode modification and their characterisation techniques for membrane proteins involved in biofuels conversion and semi-artificial photosynthesis. We discuss the challenges of applications of membrane protein modified electrodes for bioelectrocatalysis and comment on emerging methods and future directions, including recent advances in membrane protein reconstitution strategies and the development of microbial electrosynthesis and whole-cell semi-artificial photosynthesis.
“…These simple sugars and VFAs can be used as potential feedstock for the bioelectrochemical synthesis of valueadded chemicals in BES. Bioelectrochemical synthesis technology is a process that uses the electrochemical interaction of electrochemically active microorganisms and electrodes [30,31]. There are several reports available for more than 100 years stating that microorganisms can form electrical connections to devices.…”
Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are a new and emerging technology in the field of fermentation technology. Electrical energy was provided externally to the microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) to generate hydrogen or value-added chemicals, including caustic, formic acid, acetic acid, and peroxide. Also, BES was designed to recover nutrients, metals or remove recalcitrant compounds. The variety of naturally existing microorganisms and enzymes act as a biocatalyst to induce potential differences amid the electrodes. BESs can be performed with non-catalyzed electrodes (both anode and cathode) under favorable circumstances, unlike conventional fuel cells. In recent years, value-added chemical producing microbial electrosynthesis (MES) technology has intensely broadened the prospect for BES. An additional strategy includes the introduction of innovative technologies that help with the manufacturing of alternative materials for electrode preparation, ion-exchange membranes, and pioneering designs. Because of this, BES is emerging as a promising technology. This article deliberates recent signs of progress in BESs so far, focusing on their diverse applications beyond electricity generation and resulting performance.
“…Although these techniques have yet to be commercially deployed, exoelectrogens offer the unique possibility to create self-powered biosensors ( Yates et al., 2017 ) and living materials ( Bird et al., 2019 ) that can autonomously operate in challenging locations like the seafloor ( Tender et al., 2008 ; Zhou, 2015 ). The components from these microbes can also be expressed in heterologous species ( Jensen et al., 2010 ), or can be rationally engineered ( Atkinson et al., 2019 ) to create powerful production hosts ( Glaven, 2019 ). Figure 5 Detecting Communication Molecules Using Exoelectrogens (A) In biofuel cells, cellular respiration with an electron donor in an anodic chamber is coupled to a corresponding synthetic reaction catalyzed by either an enzyme or another microbe at a biocathode.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They should also enable the creation of bio-electronic communication systems. Future work that embeds these biological mimics of network technology into greater systems will enable the electrosynthesis of complex products ( Glaven, 2019 ), integrated user-controlled biological devices ( Kim et al., 2019 ), and perhaps user-defined cellular consortia ( McCarty and Ledesma-Amaro, 2019 ). We believe electronic integration with cellular communication will be crucial in the development of integrated cellular technologies ( Akyildiz et al., 2015 ).…”
Summary
Cells often communicate by the secretion, transport, and perception of molecules. Information conveyed by molecules is encoded, transmitted, and decoded by cells within the context of the prevailing microenvironments. Conversely, in electronics, transmission reliability and message validation are predictable, robust, and less context dependent. In turn, many transformative advances have resulted by the formal consideration of information transfer. One way to explore this potential for biological systems is to create bio-device interfaces that facilitate bidirectional information transfer between biology and electronics. Redox reactions enable this linkage because reduction and oxidation mediate communication within biology and can be coupled with electronics. By manipulating redox reactions, one is able to combine the programmable features of electronics with the ability to interrogate and modulate biological function. In this review, we examine methods to electrochemically interrogate the various components of molecular communication using redox chemistry and to electronically control cell communication using redox electrogenetics.
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