Biodiversity of Secondary Metabolites Compounds Isolated from Phylum Actinobacteria and Its Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

The current review aims to summarise the biodiversity and biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites compounds, of the phylum Actinobacteria and the diverse range of secondary metabolites produced that vary depending on its ecological environments they inhabit. Actinobacteria creates a wide range of bioactive substances that can be of great value to public health and the pharmaceutical industry. The literature analysis process for this review was conducted using the VOSviewer software tool to visualise the bibliometric networks of the most relevant databases from the Scopus database in the period between 2010 and 22 March 2021. Screening and exploring the available literature relating to the extreme environments and ecosystems that Actinobacteria inhabit aims to identify new strains of this major microorganism class, producing unique novel bioactive compounds. The knowledge gained from these studies is intended to encourage scientists in the natural product discovery field to identify and characterise novel strains containing various bioactive gene clusters with potential clinical applications. It is evident that Actinobacteria adapted to survive in extreme environments represent an important source of a wide range of bioactive compounds. Actinobacteria have a large number of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. They can synthesise thousands of subordinate metabolites with different biological actions such as anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, anti-virus, anti-cancer and growth-promoting compounds. These are highly significant economically due to their potential applications in the food, nutrition and health industries and thus support our communities’ well-being.

Effect of Lotus Seed Resistant Starch on Lactic Acid Conversion to Butyric Acid Fermented by Rat Fecal Microbiota

“…The relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the LLL10 and GLL10 groups was significantly lower ( P < 0.05) than that in the HLL10 group. Actinobacteria produced various secondary metabolites with different physiological and metabolite activities and had the potential to produce new bioactive compounds and enzymes, including aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, and degrading enzymes . The relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly higher in the LLL36 group ( P < 0.05) than that in the LLL10 group.…”

“…Actinobacteria produced various secondary metabolites with different physiological and metabolite activities and had the potential to produce new bioactive compounds and enzymes, including aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, and degrading enzymes. 30 The relative abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly higher in the LLL36 group (P < 0.05) than that in the LLL10 group. This result showed that LRS might be degraded more completely at 36 h. At the family level, after LLL, GLL, and HLL treatment, the main microbiota included Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Peptostreptococcaceae (Figure 3C).…”

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Streptomyces species from soils of three different cold sites in the Fez-Meknes region Morocco

“…Streptomyces are Gram-positive, filamentous, spore-forming bacteria that have a relatively large genomic (DNA) sequence with a high guanine and cytosine (G + C) content 1 , 10 . Streptomyces comprise a very important bacterial genus that contains over 800 species 11 which are recognized worldwide as an inexhaustible source of antibiotics used in human therapy 3 , 12 , 13 . Antibiotics derived from the Streptomyces genus play a crucial role in the medical sector.…”

N -Succinyltransferase Encoded by a Cryptic Siderophore Biosynthesis Gene Cluster in Streptomyces Modifies Structurally Distinct Antibiotics

“…Typical BGCs contain “core” genes responsible for the biosynthesis of a molecular scaffold, accessory genes encoding enzymes for scaffold modification, genes that regulate the BGC’s expression, and resistance genes for self-protection against the endogenously produced compound ( 1 ). Actinomycetes, filamentous Gram-positive bacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria , produce thousands of SMs, including ca 50% of all clinically used antibiotics ( 2 ). Actinomycetes protect themselves from the toxic effects of endogenously produced antibiotics using a variety of specific mechanisms ( 3 ).…”