Biodiversity, Distributions and Adaptations of Arctic Species in the Context of Environmental Change

Callaghan, Terry V.; Björn, Lars Olof; Chernov, Yuri; Chapin, Terry; Christensen, Torben R.; Huntley, Brian; Ims, Rolf A.; Johansson, Margareta; Jolly, Dyanna; Jonasson, Sven; Matveyeva, Nadya; Panikov, N. S.; Oechel, Walter C.; Shaver, Gus; Elster, Josef; Henttonen, Heikki; Laine, Kari; Taulavuori, Kari; Taulavuori, Erja; Zöckler, Christoph

doi:10.1639/0044-7447(2004)033[0404:bdaaoa]2.0.co;2

Cited by 49 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 118 publications

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“…The predicted effects of a doubling of the atmo− spheric CO 2 will be dramatic; mean annual temperatures in the Arctic may be 3-5°C higher within 100 years (Maxwell 1992;ACIA 2004;Callaghan et al 2004a;Callaghan et al 2004b). Most models also predict that the overall annual global precipitation will increase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of warming on Nostoc colonies (Cyanobacteria) in a wet hummock meadow, Spitsbergen

Elster¹,

Kvíderová²,

Hájek³

et al. 2012

Polish Polar Research

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Abstract:In order to simulate the warming effects on Arctic wetlands, three passive open−top chambers (OTCs) and three control cage−like structures (CCSs) equipped with soil temperature and soil volumetric water content (VWC) probes for continuous micro− climatic measurements were installed in a wet hummock meadow, Petuniabukta, Bille− fjorden, central Spitsbergen, in 2009. The warming effects on primary productivity were investigated during summer seasons 2009 and 2010 in cyanobacterial colonies of Nostoc commune s.l., which plays an important role in the local carbon and nitrogen cycles. The microclimatic data indicated that the effect of OTCs was dependent on microtopography. During winter, two short−term snow−thaw episodes occurred, so that liquid water was available for the Nostoc communities. Because of the warming, the OTC hummock bases remained unfrozen three weeks longer in comparison to the CCSs and, in spring, the OTC hummock tops and bases exceeded 0°C several days earlier than CCS ones. Mean summer temperature differences were 1.6°C in OTC and CCS hummock tops, and 0.3°C in the OTC and CCS hummock bases. The hummock tops were drier than their bases; however the VWC difference between the OTCs and CCSs was small. Due to the only minor differ− ences in the microclimate of OTC and CCS hummock bases, where the Nostoc colonies were located, no differences in ecophysiological characteristics of Nostoc colonies ex− pressed as photochemistry parameters and nitrogenase activities were detected after two years exposition. Long−term monitoring of Nostoc ecophysiology in a manipulated envi− ronment is necessary for understanding their development under climate warming.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of warming on Nostoc colonies (Cyanobacteria) in a wet hummock meadow, Spitsbergen

Elster¹,

Kvíderová²,

Hájek³

et al. 2012

Polish Polar Research

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“…The characteristics of resident species may change in terms of biomass production, phenology or fecundity, resulting in changes in competition and in extreme cases resulting in extinction. Finally, changes in abiotic conditions and plant productivity may affect the activity of herbivores and soil microbial communities (Callaghan et al 2004;Elvebakk 2005b).…”

Section: Key Processes and Available Methods For Their Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the Arctic, increasing temperatures, increasing levels of CO 2 , glacial retreat, and permafrost thaw are effects of climate change that may cause changes in vegetation, including shifts in species range, biodiversity loss, changes in dominance, altered biomass production and invasion of new species (Callaghan et al 2004;Prach and Walker 2011). Although the list of references recording the impact of climate changes on biota in the Arctic is enormous (Parmesan 2006;Thuiller et al 2008), reports are rare from conditions which were not experimentally manipulated and for which comparative data describing past vegetation composition, biomass production or plant distribution are available, and methods of assessment are repeatable (Callaghan et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Available Information to Assess the Potential Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation in the High Arctic: North Billjefjorden, Central Spitsbergen (Svalbard)

Klimešová

Prach

Bernardová

2012

AMBIO

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We review the available data that can be used to assess the potential impact of climate change on vegetation, and we use central Spitsbergen, Svalbard, as a model location for the High Arctic. We used two sources of information: recent and short-term historical records, which enable assessment on scales of particular plant communities and the landscape over a period of decades, and palynological and macrofossil analyses, which enable assessment on time scales of hundreds and thousands of years and on the spatial scale of the landscape. Both of these substitutes for standardized monitoring revealed stability of vegetation, which is probably attributable to the harsh conditions and the distance of the area from sources of diaspores of potential new incomers. The only evident recent vegetation changes related to climate change are associated with succession after glacial retreats. By establishing a network of permanent plots, researchers will be able to monitor immigration of new species from diversity 'hot spots' and from an abandoned settlement nearby. This will greatly enhance our ability to understand the effects of climate change on vegetation in the High Arctic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since species are considered the basic units of ecosystems (e.g., Callaghan et al 2004), correct species identification is crucial to ecological studies. This is especially important in the face of the impact of climate change on Arctic biota and to understand the biogeographical patterns of life affected by these shifts, as some studies suggest that species alter their distributions rather than evolve in response to environmental changes influenced by global warming (Callaghan et al 2004;Hodkinson 2013). However, tardigrade taxonomy is based largely on morphological and morphometric traits (e.g., see Michalczyk and Kaczmarek 2013;Kosztyła et al 2016), and many species descriptions are incomplete and grossly outdated, with molecular data being available for only a small fraction of species (e.g., see Bertolani et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrative redescription of a common Arctic water bear Pilatobius recamieri (Richters, 1911)

et al. 2017

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Tardigrada are a group of microscopic metazoans that inhabit a variety of ecosystems throughout the world, including polar regions, where they are a constant element of microfauna with densities exceeding hundreds of individuals per gram of dry plant material. However, despite a long history of research and their ubiquity in tundra ecosystems, the majority of tardigrade species have limited and outdated diagnoses. One such example is Pilatobius recamieri, a common tardigrade that is widely distributed in the Arctic. The aim of this study is to redescribe this species using new material from the type locality and tools of integrative taxonomy, viz. by combining classical imaging and morphometry by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging with DNA sequencing of four markers with various mutation rates: three nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and ITS-2) and one mitochondrial (COI). The sequences of the three latter markers are also the first to be presented for the genus Pilatobius. This study therefore provides the first necessary step towards the verification of the geographic range of P. recamieri, which is currently assumed to be very broad. A detailed comparison of P. recamieri with Pilatobius secchii (Bertolani and Rebecchi, 1996) from Italy revealed no morphological or morphometric differences between the two species, thus we designate P. secchii as a nomen inquirendum until molecular data for the taxon become available. Finally, we propose to replace the term ''lunula'' in the superfamilies Hypsibioidea and Isohypsibioidea with the more appropriate ''pseudolunula'' to differentiate it from the true lunula in other parachelans.

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Biodiversity, Distributions and Adaptations of Arctic Species in the Context of Environmental Change

Cited by 49 publications

References 118 publications

Impact of warming on Nostoc colonies (Cyanobacteria) in a wet hummock meadow, Spitsbergen

Impact of warming on Nostoc colonies (Cyanobacteria) in a wet hummock meadow, Spitsbergen

Using Available Information to Assess the Potential Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation in the High Arctic: North Billjefjorden, Central Spitsbergen (Svalbard)

Integrative redescription of a common Arctic water bear Pilatobius recamieri (Richters, 1911)

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