Biodiversity and Global Health: Intersection of Health, Security, and the Environment

Bartlow, Andrew W.; Machalaba, Catherine; Karesh, William B.; Fair, Jeanne M.

doi:10.1089/hs.2020.0112

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Although it did not arise with a conservation-explicit mission, it provides an ideal forum-in concept-for policy makers to adopt, and then take concerted measures to foster, an ecologically grounded human health paradigm. Bartlow et al (2021) make the case for the application of biodiversity conservation to global health security, but point out that there has yet to be a formal mechanism established for integrating the environmental sector in the Global Health Security Agenda. If public health leaders, consistent with the G7 Communique' (UK, 2021), framed the protection of human health as an ecological service and recognized landscape immunity as a national security interest, the conservation sector would necessarily gain a prominent place at the negotiating table.…”

Section: Paradigms For Rooting Lanscape Immunity In Conservation Poli...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fostering landscape immunity to protect human health: A science‐based rationale for shifting conservation policy paradigms

Reaser

Hunt

Ruiz‐Aravena

et al. 2022

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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Anthropogenic land use change is a major driver of zoonotic pathogen spillover from wildlife to humans. According to the land use‐induced spillover model, land use change alters environmental conditions that in turn alter the dynamics between zoonotic pathogens and their wildlife hosts. Thus, in response to the global spread of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus (the agent of COVID‐19 disease), there have been renewed calls for landscape conservation as a disease preventive measure, including by the G7 Ministers responsible for Climate and the Environment. Landscape immunity, as a new construct, points to four paradigm shifts the world must favor to effectively mitigate pandemic risks. We provide a landscape immunity primer for policy makers and make the case for “world views” that place Homo sapiens within ecological systems, regard human health as an ecological service, prioritize investments in prevention, and apply ecological restoration to human health goals. Crisis is a conversation starter for reimagining and recommitting ourselves to what is most vital and generative. We urge world leaders to make the move to a nature‐positive world.

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Section: Paradigms For Rooting Lanscape Immunity In Conservation Poli...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fostering landscape immunity to protect human health: A science‐based rationale for shifting conservation policy paradigms

Reaser

Hunt

Ruiz‐Aravena

et al. 2022

CONSERVATION LETTERS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have broad-ranging impacts on the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife [ 1 , 2 ]; they are driven by planetary changes including globalization and climate change [ 3 , 4 ]. Tools to mitigate EIDs are difficult to find because of complex, context-dependent interactions between a host, host-associated microbiome, pathogen and shared environment that affect the transmission and pathogenesis of disease [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune priming prior to pathogen exposure sheds light on the relationship between host, microbiome and pathogen in disease

et al. 2023

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Dynamic interactions between host, pathogen and host-associated microbiome dictate infection outcomes. Pathogens including Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) threaten global biodiversity, but conservation efforts are hindered by limited understanding of amphibian host, Bd and microbiome interactions. We conducted a vaccination and infection experiment using Eastern hellbender salamanders ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis ) challenged with Bd to observe infection, skin microbial communities and gene expression of host skin, pathogen and microbiome throughout the experiment. Most animals survived high Bd loads regardless of their vaccination status and vaccination did not affect pathogen load, but host gene expression differed based on vaccination. Oral vaccination (exposure to killed Bd) stimulated immune gene upregulation while topically and sham-vaccinated animals did not significantly upregulate immune genes. In early infection, topically vaccinated animals upregulated immune genes but orally and sham-vaccinated animals downregulated immune genes. Bd increased pathogenicity-associated gene expression in late infection when Bd loads were highest. The microbiome was altered by Bd, but there was no correlation between anti-Bd microbe abundance or richness and pathogen burden. Our observations suggest that hellbenders initially generate a vigorous immune response to Bd, which is ineffective at controlling disease and is subsequently modulated. Interactions with antifungal skin microbiota did not influence disease progression.

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“…In recent years, the intersection between human health, animal health, and the environment has garnered increased attention due to the emergence of infectious diseases that cross species barriers (Bartlow et al 2021). Zoonosis is the term used to describe infectious illnesses that may spread from animals to people through direct or indirect contact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Zoonotic Diseases and Food Safety

2023

IJAB

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Food safety is a critical global issue impacting economies and human health, with zoonotic diseases posing significant threats. Comprising approximately 60% of all infectious diseases affecting humans, zoonotic diseases significantly add to the burden of infectious diseases worldwide. Limited resources and insufficient healthcare systems intensify the issues resulting from the economic consequences, particularly in developing countries. The food supply chain, which includes primary production, processing, distribution, and consumption, is crucial to the spread of zoonosis. Animals often serve as sources of zoonotic diseases, and various stages of the food chain can facilitate their transmission. The genesis and spread of zoonotic diseases within the food supply chain are facilitated by changes in the environment, globalization, altered food consumption patterns, and socioeconomic factors. To reduce risks, a number of preventive measures have been put in place, including traceability programs, regulatory frameworks, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs), and GAPs. A number of outbreaks highlight the significance of appropriate food safety procedures at every point in the food supply chain to avert these kinds of occurrences. To treat zoonotic diseases, a One Health approach-which acknowledges the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health-is crucial. Integrated surveillance systems and cooperative efforts are essential for early detection, risk assessment, and management. Effective methods for disease prevention and control are made possible by the systematic gathering and sharing of data. To reduce the incidence and effects of zoonotic diseases, it is essential to comprehend the variables that contribute to zoonosis and to put thorough food safety procedures in place. Continuous research, robust surveillance systems, and education campaigns are vital for sustaining global efforts to combat zoonotic diseases and ensure food safety in the future.

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Biodiversity and Global Health: Intersection of Health, Security, and the Environment

Cited by 8 publications

References 67 publications

Fostering landscape immunity to protect human health: A science‐based rationale for shifting conservation policy paradigms

Fostering landscape immunity to protect human health: A science‐based rationale for shifting conservation policy paradigms

Immune priming prior to pathogen exposure sheds light on the relationship between host, microbiome and pathogen in disease

Relationship between Zoonotic Diseases and Food Safety

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